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adjusted REFjournal; reformatted
==Commentaries==
=== 1966 ===* T. L. Fisher (1966), an officer of the [https://www.cmpa-acpm.ca/en/home Canadian Medical Protective Association], discussed the legal dangers of using outmoded treatment. This is, of course, relevant to the outmoded practice of circumcision of male children.* : {{REFjournal
|last=Fisher
|firstinit=TL
|author-link=
|etal=no
}}
=== 1968 ===* Morse (1968) discussed ritual circumcision in hospitals under the law of New York.* : {{REFjournal
|last=Morse
|firstinit=HW
|author-link=
|etal=no
}}
=== 1971 ===* Roddey (1971) discussed legal issues that can arise from the performance of then very common infant non-therapeutic circumcision.* : {{REFjournal
|last=Roddey
|firstinit=AR
|author-link=
|etal=no
|title=Law & Medicine: Circumcision
|journal=JAMA
|location=
}}
=== 1980 ===* Canadian medical ethicist [[Margaret A. Somerville|Margaret Somerville]] (1980) published a commentary on the distinctions between therapeutic medical procedures and non-therapeutic medical procedures. Since the circumcision of male infants is a non-therapeutic procedure, her remarks are relevant here.* : {{REFjournal
|last=Somerville
|first=Margaret
|init=M
|author-link=Margaret A. Somerville
|title=Medical Interventions and the Criminal Law
}}
=== 1981 ===* [[Margaret A. Somerville|Margaret Somerville]] (1981) discusses the difference between therapeutic and non-therapeutic medical procedures. * : {{REFjournal
|last=Somerville
|first=Margaret
|init=M
|author-link=Margaret A. Somerville
|etal=no
}}
=== 1985 ===* American William E. Brigman (1985) used new medical evidence to argue that circumcision is child abuse, and discussed possible legal remedies. Recent medical articles have documented the actual injury of circumcision, to make it possible for an attorney to win damages for wrongful circumcision, he said. Brigman suggested civil rights class action suits against hospitals.* : {{REFjournal
|last=Brigman
|first=William E.
|init=WE
|author-link=
|title=Circumcision as Child Abuse: The Legal and Constitutional Issues
}}
=== 1986 ===* Sebastian Poulter (1986) argued that parents may authorise the non-therapeutic circumcision of a male minor under English law. Later British court decisions call his comments into question.* : {{REFbook
|last=Poulter
|first=Sebastian
}}
=== 1989 ===* [[Charles A. Bonner|Bonner]] & Kinane (1989) discussed the legal and constitutional issues of non-therapeutic male circumcision under United States and California law.* : {{REFjournal
|last=Bonner
|first=Charles
|init=C
|author-link=Charles A. Bonner
|last2=Kinane
|first2=Michael
|init2=M
|author2-link=
|title=The Legal and Constitutional Issues
}}
=== 1992 ===* Lynn E. Lebit (1992) discusses issues with the substituted judgment doctrine.* : {{REFjournal
|last=Lebit
|first=Lynn E.
|init=LE
|author-link=
|etal=no
|title=Compelled Medical Procedures Involving Minors and Incompetents and Misapplication of the Substituted Judgment Doctrine
|journal=Journal of Law and Medicine
|location=
}}
=== 1993 ===* The Queensland Law Reform Commission (QLRC) (1993) considered possible reforms to the law of the state of Queensland, Australia, however no action has been taken after nearly 30 years.* : {{REFdocument
|title=Circumcision of Male Infants Research Paper
|url=http://www.cirp.org/library/legal/QLRC/
}}
=== 1994 ===* [[James G. Dwyer]] (1994) discussed the impact of parents' religion on children's welfare.* : {{REFjournal
|last=Dwyer
|first=James G.
|init=JG
|author-link=James G. Dwyer
|title=Parents' Religion and Children's Welfare: Debunking the Doctrine of Parents' Rights
}}
=== 1995 ===* [[David J. Llewellyn]] (1995) discusses legal remedies when hospitals or doctors injure patients by circumcision. * : {{REFjournal
|last=Llewellyn
|first=DavidJ. |init=DJ
|author-link=David J. Llewellyn
|title=Legal remedies for penile torts
}}
=== 1996 ===* Australian professor of law Neville Turner (1996) points out that circumcised boys may sue for damages.* : {{REFjournal
|last=Turner
|first=J. Neville |init=JN
|author-link=J. Neville Turner
|title=Circumcised boys may sue
}}
* David Richards (1996) argues that the best way to reduce the incidence of circumcision is to remove it from the medical benefits schedule. * : {{REFjournal
|last=Richards
|first=David
|init=D
|author-link=David Richards
|title=Male Circumcision: Medical or Ritual?
}}
* Christopher Price, M.A. (Oxon) (1996) briefed the [https://www.lawcom.gov.uk/ Law Commission of England and Wales] on issues of male circumcision. * : {{REFdocument
|title=Male Circumcision: A Legal Affront
|trans-title=
}}
=== 1997 ===* Abbie J. Chessler (1997) provides a review of legal issues of male and female non-therapeutic circumcision. * : {{REFjournal
|last=Chessler
|first=Abbie
|init=A
|author-link=
|title=Justifying the Unjustifable: Rite v. Wrong
}}
=== 1998 ===* Jacqueline Smith (1998), of the [https://www.uu.nl/en/research/netherlands-institute-of-human-rights-sim Netherlands Institute of Human Rights], has examined non-therapeutic circumcision of male children in the light of international human rights law. * : {{REFbook
|last=Smith
|first=Jacqueline
}}
* Povenmire (1998-9) discussed the lawfulness of consent for non-therapeutic circumcision of minor boys in the United States. * : {{REFjournal
|last=Povenmire
|first=Ross
|init=R
|author-link=Ross Povenmire
|title=Do Parents Have the Legal Authority to Consent to the Surgical Amputation of Normal, Healthy Tissue From Their Infant Children?: The Practice of Circumcision in the United States.
}}
=== 1999 ===* The late British solicitor Christopher P Price (1999) elucidated the difference between therapeutic and non-therapeutic procedures and discussed the state of British law relating to non-therapeutic circumcision of male children. * _ {{REFbook
|last=Price
|first=Christopher P
}}
* Van Howe, Svoboda, Dywer, & Price (1999), a medico-legal team discuss the legal issues of non-therapeutic circumcision of boys. * : {{REFjournal
|last=Van Howe
|first=Robert S. |init=RS
|author-link=Robert S. Van Howe
|last2=Svoboda
|first2=J. Steven
|init2=JS
|author2-link=J. Steven Svoboda
|last3=Dwyer
|first3init3=JG
|author3-link=James G. Dwyer
|last4=Price
|first4init4=CP
|author4-link=Christopher P. Price
|etal=no
}}
=== 2000 ===* Boyle, ''et al.''. (2000) argue strongly, that in common law jurisdictions such as the United Kingdom, Australia, Canada, and the United States, parents lack the capacity to consent to non-therapeutic circumcision, so it constitutes criminal assault, whenever it is performed. * : {{REFjournal
|last=Boyle
|first=Gregory J. |init=GJ
|author-link=Gregory J. Boyle
|last2=Svoboda
|first2=J. Steven
|init2=JS
|author2-link=J. Steven Svoboda
|last3=Price
|first3=Christopher P. |init3=CP
|author3-link=Christopher P. Price
|last4=Turner
|first4=Neville
|init4=N
|author4-link=J. Neville Turner
|etal=no
}}
* Dr. Arif Bhimji {2000) argues that non-therapeutic circumcision of boys in Canada violates the rights protected by the Charter of Rights and Freedoms. * : {{REFjournal
|last=Bhimji
|first=Arif
|init=A
|author-link=Arif Bhimji
|title=Infant Male Circumcision: A violation of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms
}}
* Giannetti (2000) argues that scientific misconduct in the [[American Academy of Pediatrics]] circumcision policy statements should expose the AAP to trade association liability. * : {{REFjournal
|last=Giannetti
|first=Matthew
|init=M
|author-link=
|title=Circumcision and the American Academy of Pediatrics: Should Scientific Misconduct Result in Trade Association Liability
}}
* Svoboda, Van Howe & Dwyer (2000) discuss legal issues inherent with consent for non-therapeutic circumcision of boys. * : {{REFjournal
|last=Svoboda
|first=J. Steven
|init=JS
|author-link=J. Steven Svoboda
|last2=Van Howe
|first2=Robert S.
|init2=RS
|author2-link=Robert S. Van Howe
|last3=Dwyer
|first3=James G.
|init3=JG
|author3-link=James G. Dwyer
|etal=no
|title=Informed Consent for Neonatal Circumcision: An Ethical and Legal Conundrum
|journal=J Contemporary Health Law Policy
|location=
}}
* Peter W. Edge (2000) discussed the impact of the Human Rights Act (1998) on the practice of non-therapeutic circumcision of male children in the United Kingdom. * : {{REFjournal
|last=Edge
|first=PeterW. |init=PW
|author-link=
|title=Male circumcision after the human rights act 1998
}}
=== 2001 ===* J. Steven Svoboda (2001) discussed the limits of the law. * : {{REFbook
|last=Svoboda
|first=J. Steven
}}
=== 2002 ===* Geoffrey P. Miller (2002) discussed the impact of American culture on the law of circumcision. * : {{REFjournal
|last=Miller
|first=GeoffreyP. |init=GP
|author-link=
|title=Circumcision: Cultural-Legal Analysis
}}
=== 2005 ===* Suzanne Bouclin (2005) examined the legal status of non-therapeutic circumcision in Canada. * : {{REFjournal
|last=Bouclin
|first=Suzanne
|init=B
|author-link=Suzanne Bouclin
|title=An examination of legal and ethical issues surrounding male circumcision: the Canadian context
}}
* Fox & Thomson (2005) criticise the British Medical Association guidance to doctors. * : {{REFjournal
|last=Fox
|first=Marie
|init=M
|author-link=
|last2=Thomson
|first2init2=M
|author2-link=
|etal=no
|title=A covenant with the status quo? Male circumcision and the new BMA guidance to doctors
|journal=J Med Ethics
|location=
}}
=== 2008 ===* Doctors Opposing Circumcision included this commentary on the law of circumcision of boys in their June 2008 ''Genital Integrity Statement''. It has since been later amended by another party to include a reference to Adler (2013) that was not available at the time of writing. * : {{REFbook
|last=Hill
|first=George
}}
* Professor [[Holm Putzke|Putzke]] (2008) points out that there is a criminal relevance of circumcising boys.* : {{REFdocument
|url=http://www.holmputzke.de/images/stories/pdf/2008_putzke%20fs%20herzberg%20essay%20on%20circumcision.pdf
|title=Criminal Relevance of Circumcising Boys, A Contribution to the Limitation of Consent in Cases of Care for the Person of the Child
}}
=== 2011 ===* David Llewellyn (2011) discussed strategies for litigation. * : {{REFweb
|url=https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-4020-4916-3_19
|archived=
}}
* Professor Peter W. Adler, J. D., (2011) argues that it is unlawful for United States Medicaid to pay for non-therapeutic circumcision. * : {{REFjournal
|last=Adler
|first=Peter W.
|init=PW
|author-link=Peter W. Adler
|title=It is lawful to use Medicaid to pay for circumcision?
}}
=== 2012 ===* The Tasmanian Law Reform Institute (2012) has made recommendations for reforms of Tasmanian law relating to non-therapeutic circumcision of male minors. * : {{REFdocument
|title=Non-Therapeutic Male Circumcision
|url=https://www.utas.edu.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0006/302829/Non-Therapuetic-Circ_Final-Report-August-2012.pdf
}}
=== 2013 ===* Professor Peter W. Adler, J.D., (2013) argues that non-therapeutic circumcision of boys is unlawful. * : {{REFjournal
|last=Adler
|first=Peter W.
|init=PW
|author-link=Peter W. Adler
|title=Is circumcision legal?
}}
=== 2016 ===* Professor Paul McLaughlin (2016) discusses conflicts between non-therapeutic child circumcision practice and the international law of human rights. * : {{REFjournal |last=McLaughlin, Jr.
|first=Paul Jerome
|init=PJ
|author-link=
|title=Legal and Medical Ethical Entanglements of Infant Male Circumcision and International Law
}}
=== 2017 ===* Earp, Hendry, and Thomson (2017) discuss the case of ''B & G'' (2015). * : {{REFjournal
|last=Earp
|first=Brian
|init=B
|author-link=
|last2=Hendry
|first2=Jennifer
|init2=J
|author2-link=
|last3=Thomson
|first3=Michael
|init3=M
|author3-link=
|etal=no
|title=Reason and paradox in medical and family law: Shaping children's bodies
|journal=Medical Law Review
|location=
}}
* Professors Marie Fox and Michael Thomson discussed ''Bodily Integrity, Embodiment and the Regulation of Parental Choice''. * : {{REFjournal
|last=Fox
|first=Marie
|init=M
|author-link=
|last2=Thomson
|first2=Michael
|init2=M
|author2-link=
|etal=so
|title=Bodily Integrity, Embodiment and the Regulation of Parental Choice
|journal=Journal of Law and Society
|location=
}}
=== 2020 ===* Professor Kai Möller discussed the legality of male and female circumcision in the light of the case of [[Re B and G (children) (No 2) EWFC 3| ''Re B and G (children) (No 2)'' [2015] EWFC 3]]. * : {{REFjournal
|last=Möller
|first=Kai
|init=K
|author-link=
|title=Male and Female Genital Cutting: Between the Best Interest of the Child and Genital Mutilation
}}
* Adler, Van Howe, Wisdom & Daase (2020) examined male non-therapeutic circumcision as fraud. * : {{REFjournal
|last=Adler
|first=Peter W.
|init=PW
|author-link=Peter W. Adler
|last2=Van Howe
|first2=Robert S.
|init2=RS
|author2-link=Robert S. Van Howe
|last3=Wisdom
|first3=Travis
|init3=T
|author3-link=
|last4=Daase
|first4=Felix
|init4=F
|author4-link=
|etal=no
|title=Is circumcision a fraud?
|journal=Cornell Journal of Law and Public Policy
|location=
|accessdate=
}}
==Briefs==
The two briefs indexed here were filed by [[Doctors Opposing Circumcision]] with the Oregon Supreme Court in the case of [[Boldt v. Boldt]], where they proved instrumental in changing the direction of that case. They have an excellent summary of American Constitutional law relevant to the non-therapeutic circumcision of male children.
* {{REFdocument
|title=BRIEF OF AMICUS CURIAEBrief of Amicus Curiae, DOCTORS OPPOSING CIRCUMCISIONDoctors Opposing Circumcision, IN SUPPORT OF THE PETITION FOR REVIEWin Support of the Petition for Review
|url=https://pool.intactiwiki.org/images/2007-04_BoldtReviewBrief.pdf
|contribution=
|accessdate=2020-05-10
}}
* {{REFdocument
|title=BRIEF ON THE MERITS OF Brief on the Merits of ''AMICUS CURIAEAmicus Curiae'', DOCTORS OPPOSING CIRCUMCISION Doctors Opposing Circumcision
|url=https://pool.intactiwiki.org/images/2007-07-31_BoldtAmicusBriefMerits.pdf
|contribution=
|accessdate=2020-05-10
}}</ref>
==Video presentation==
{{SEEALSO}}
* [[Human rights| International Human Rights Law]]
{{LINKS}}
This index at ARC includes papers on medical ethics.
* [https://www.arclaw.org/papers Published papers authored by Executive Director Steven Svoboda and other ARC associates]