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using template BoyleGJ HillG 2011
}}</ref> By designing a trial to "detect" a minimum 50 percent reduction risk in HIV, these researchers might have artificially created the clinical setting to observe the effect they were looking to discover.
Boyle & Hill (2011) have shown these RCTs to be have significant methodological flaws and statistical errors that render their claims invalid. Although a 60 percent ''relative'' reduction in HIV was claimed, the ''absolute'' reduction was a statistically insignificant 1.3 percent.<ref name="boyle-hill2011">{{REFjournal |last=Boyle |first=Gregory J. |init=GJ |author-link=Gregory J. Boyle |last2=Hill |first2=George |init2=G |author2-link=George Hill |title=Sub-Saharan African randomised clinical trials into male circumcision and HIV transmission: Methodological, ethical and legal concerns |journal=J Law Med |date=BoyleGJ HillG 2011-12 |volume=19 |issue=2 |pages=316-334 |url=http://www.salem-news.com/fms/pdf/2011-12_JLM-Boyle-Hill.pdf |quote= |pubmedID=22320006 |pubmedCID= |DOI= |accessdate=2019-10-13}}</ref>
Concerns about the three randomized controlled clinical trials (RCCTs) in Africa (in South Africa, Uganda, and Kenya)<ref>{{REFjournal