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}</ref> Male circumcision has been proposed to reduce the incidence of sexual transmission of HIV. In reality, it actually increases the sexual transmission of HIV. Even if it did work, it would be ineffective against non-sexual transmission by unsafe health care. Furthermore, non-sterile health care could mean that the circumcision operation could transmit the HIV infection to the patient.  Circumcision in real-world African settings will likely be a vector for transmitting the virus and is as such likely to worsen the pandemic.<ref>{{REFjournal |last=Brewer |init=DD |last2=Brody |init2=S |last3=Drucker |init3=E |last4=Gisselquist |init4=D |last5=Minkin |init5=SF |last6=Potterat |init6=JJ |last7=Rothenberg |init7=RB |last8=Vachon |init8=F |title=[http://contracepcion.info/annexes/Std144intro.pdf Mounting anomalies in the epidemiology of HIV in Africa: cry the beloved paradigm] |journal=Int J STD AIDS |date=2003 |volume=14 |issue=3 |pages=144-47}}</ref><ref>{{REFjournal |last=Gisselquist |init=D |last2=Potterat |init2=JJ |last3=Brody |init3=S |last4=Vachon |init4=F |title=[https://insights.ovid.com/ijstd/200303000/00001604-200303000-00003Let it be sexual: how health care transmission of AIDS in Africa was ignored] |journal=Int J STD AIDS |date=2003 |volume=14 |pages=148-61}}</ref><ref>{{REFjournal |last=Gisselquist |init=D |last2=Potterat |init2=JJ |last3=Brody |init3=S |title=[https://www.researchgate.net/profile/John-Potterat/publication/8479267_Running_on_empty_Sexual_co-factors_are_insufficient_to_fuel_Africa%27s_turbocharged_HIV_epidemic/links/00b7d529d10fbac5c9000000/Running-on-empty-Sexual-co-factors-are-insufficient-to-fuel-Africas-turbocharged-HIV-epidemic.pdf Running on empty: sexual co-factors are insufficient to fuel Africa's turbocharged HIV epidemic] |journal=Int J STD AIDS |date=2004 |volume=15 |issue=7 |pages=442-452}}</ref><ref>{{REFjournal |last=Gisselquist |init=D |last2=Potterat |init2=JJ |title=[http://www.cirp.org/library/disease/HIV/gisselquist2/gisselquist2.pdf Heterosexual transmission of HIV in Africa: an empiric estimate] |journal=Int J STD AIDS |date=2003 |volume=14 |pages=162-73}}</ref><ref>{{REFjournal |last=Gisselquist |init=D |last2=Rothenberg |init2=R |last3=Potterat |init3=J |last4=Drucker |init4=E |title=[https://europepmc.org/article/med/11809652#free-full-text Non-sexual transmission of HIV has been overlooked in developing countries] |journal=Br Med J |date=2002 |volume=324 |issue=7331 |page=235}}</ref><ref>{{REFjournal