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wikify 'uncircumcised'
Perhaps the oldest hypothesis on the mechanism whereby circumcision prevents the transmission of HIV is the theory that suggests that the [[Keratinization| keratinized]] surface of the penis in circumcised male resists infection, while the mucosa of the glans and inner of the intact male are ports of entry, which was purported by [[Aaron J. Fink]].
Recent studies, however, disprove this hypothesis. One study found that there is "no difference between the keratinization of the inner and outer aspects of the adult male foreskin," and that "keratin layers alone were unlikely to explain why [[uncircumcised ]] men are at higher risk for HIV infection."<ref>{{REFjournal
|last=Dinh
|init=MH
|pages=899-906
|url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20098294
|quote=We found no difference between the keratinization of the inner and outer aspects of the adult male foreskin. Keratin layers alone are unlikely to explain why [[uncircumcised ]] men are at higher risk for HIV infection.
|pubmedID=20098294
|pubmedCID=
}}</ref>
Presenting this hypothesis presents a two-fold problem. First, it presents an irrelevant conclusion; the randomized control trials were measuring frequency in HIV transmission, not for frequency in penile bacterial inflamation, and whether said inflamation facilitated sexually transmitted HIV. And secondly, circumcision advocates give themselves the new burden of proving the newly introduced hypothesis, that change in bacterial infection does indeed result in a significant reduction of HIV transmission. A new study is needed to measure HIV transmission in men who have been circumcised, uncircumcised intact men with constant penile inflamations, and uncircumcised intact men who don't suffer constant penile inflamation. Unless the randomized controlled studies were limited to only uncircumcised intact men who suffered constant penile inflamation.
== African RCTs ==
===== Lesotho =====
In Lesotho, the ratio is 22.8 vs 15.2 (23% circumcised).
''"The relationship between male circumcision and HIV levels in Lesotho does not conform to the expected pattern of higher rates among [[uncircumcised ]] men than circumcised men. The HIV rate is in fact substantially higher among circumcised men (23 percent) than among men who are not circumcised (15 percent). Moreover, the pattern of higher infection rates among circumcised men compared with [[uncircumcised ]] men is virtually uniform across the various subgroups for which results are shown in thetable. This finding could be explained by the Lesotho custom to conduct male circumcision later in life, when the individuals have already been exposed to the risk of HIV infection. (Additional analysis is necessary to better understand the unexpected pattern in Table 12.9.)"''<ref>{{REFbook
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|first=
Garenne & Matthews (2019) report:
<blockquote>
In a multivariate analysis, based on the 2013 DHS survey, circumcised men were found to have the same level of infection as [[uncircumcised ]] men, after controlling for age, sexual behaviour and socioeconomic status. Lastly, circumcised men tended to have somewhat riskier sexual behaviour than [[uncircumcised ]] men. This study, based on large representative samples of the Zambian population, questions the current strategy of mass circumcision campaigns in southern and eastern Africa.<ref name="garenne-matthews2019">{{REFjournal
|last=Garenne
|init=M