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Pain
,→Standard of care
==Standard of care==
It is now clear that boys are born with healthy foreskins without evidence of disease. Therefore there are no indications for infant circumcision, which is a non-therapeutic and medically-unnecessary surgical operation. <ref name="racp2010">{{REFdocument |title=Circumcision of Infant Males |url=https://www.racp.edu.au//docs/default-source/advocacy-library/circumcision-of-infant-males.pdf?sfvrsn=eaa32f1a_10 |contribution= |last= |first= |publisher=[[Royal Australasian College of Physicians]] |format=PDF |date=2010-09-01 |accessdate=2021-07-11}}</ref> Circumcision excises the highly functional foreskin, which provides numerous protective, immunological, sensory, and sexual functions, <ref name="cold1999">{{ColdCJ TaylorJR 1999}}</ref> so it is a an irreversible, lasting and irreversible injury. Non-therapeutic circumcision should not be performed is the standard of care.
Nevertheless, some non-therapeutic circumcisions of boys will continue to be performed for religious reasons, ethnic reasons, and the emotional needs of parents. When a circumcision is to be performed, the standard of care requires that analgesia be provided to reduce the extreme level of pain.