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}}</ref> <ref>{{REFdocument |title=Non-therapeutic circumcision of male minors |url=https://pool.intactiwiki.org/images/KNMG-viewpoint-Non-therapeutic-circumcision-of-male-minors-27-05-2010-v2.pdf |contribution= |last= |first= |publisher=Royal Dutch Medical Association (KNMG) |format=PDF |date=2010-05-27 |accessdate=2021-07-11}}</ref> Circumcision excises the highly functional foreskin, which provides numerous protective, immunological, sensory, and sexual functions,<ref name="cold1999">{{ColdCJ TaylorJR 1999}}</ref> so it is an irreversible, lasting injury. Non-therapeutic circumcision should of male minors is ''not be performed is '' the standard of care.

Nevertheless, some non-therapeutic circumcisions of boys will continue to be performed for religious reasons, ethnic reasons, and the[[Adamant father syndrome| emotional needs of parents]]. When a circumcision is to be performed, the standard of care requires that analgesia be provided to reduce the extreme level of painand trauma. Total anesthesia cannot be used with infants.