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}}</ref> All circumcisions are harmful because they excise [[Foreskin#Physiological_functions| highly functional tissue]] and cause physical, [[Sexual effects of circumcision| sexual]], and [[Psychological issues of male circumcision| emotional]] injuries.Bill claims they are done for health reasons, such as preventing HIV infection, although circumcision does not reduce HIV infection.<ref>{{REFjournal |last=Sidler |first= |init=D |author-link= |last2=Smith |first2= |init2=J |author2-link= |last3=Rode |first3= |init3=H |author3-link= |etal=no |title=Neonatal circumcision does not reduce HIV/AIDS infection rates |trans-title= |language= |journal=S Afr Med J |location= |date=2008 |volume=98 |issue=10 |article= |page= |pages=762-6 |url=http://www.cirp.org/library/disease/HIV/sidler2008/ |archived= |quote= |pubmedID= 19115748 |pubmedCID= |DOI= |accessdate=2021-08-06}}</ref>