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→Reduction of practice: Add Gairdner and paper.
A national election was held in the United Kingdom at the end of World War II. The Labour Party gained a majority of the seats in Parliament and its leader, Clement Atlee became prime minister. The party leaned to the left and supported social welfare. Aneurin Bevan was Minister of Health. The National Health Service (NHS) was created in 1948 to provide free medical treatment for all. Services were provided based on clinical need, not ability to pay.
Sir James Spence, a prominent British paediatrician, urged his younger colleague, [[Douglas Gairdner]], to produce a paper on infant circumcion. The now famous classic paper, ''The fate of the foreskin: a study of circumisioncircumcision'', was published on Christmas eveEve, 1949 in the ''British Medical Journal''.<ref name="gairdner1949">{{GairdnerDM 1949}}</ref>
Male circumcision is provided when there was a clinical need.<ref>{{REFweb