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History of circumcision

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|title=Des Pertes Seminales Involontaires
|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=HV4B3UaMUAYC&dq=Des+Pertes+Seminales+Involontaires+1836&lr=&source=gbs_navlinks_s
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|title=A Treatise on Diseases of the Sexual Organs
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|title=Plain Facts for Old and Young.
|url=http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/toc/modeng/public/KelPlai.html
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|editor=Project Gutenberg
|edition=1881 edition
|volume=
|chapter=Treatment for Self-Abuse and Its Effects
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|location=Burlington, Iowa
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|location=New York
|publisher=Doubleday & Co
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|last=Campbell
|year=1970
|title=Urology
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|editor=M.F. Campbell and J.H. Harrison
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[[Image:FGC.jpeg|right|thumb|From Historical American Female Circumcision medical papers]]
Circumcision advocates quickly moved on to manufacture a number of outrageous health claims. These claims were tailored to the fears and anxieties of the day. Circumcision has been claimed to cure epilepsy, convulsions, paralysis, elephantiasis, tuberculosis, eczema, bed-wetting, hip-joint disease, fecal incontinence, rectal prolapse, wet dreams, hernia, headaches, nervousness, hysteria, poor eyesight, idiocy, mental retardation, insanity, strabismus, hydrocephalus, clubfoot, cancer, STD’s, UTI’s, etc.<ref> F. A. Hodges, "Short History of the Institutionalization of Involuntary Sexual Mutilation in the United States," in G. C. Denniston and M. F. Milos, eds., Sexual Mutilations: A Human Tragedy (New York: Plenum Press, 1997), 35.</ref> 
Doctors were eager to claim that they could prevent and cure many of these aliments, conditions and diseases because there were no treatments available then. Even though all of these claims have been throughly discredited, circumcision has remained a solution in search of a problem ever since. Many Americans are surprised to find out that female genital cutting ([[FGC]]) shares a strikingly similar history in the United States.
<ref name="Kellogg1888"/><ref>{{REFjournal
|last=Morris
|first=Robert Tuttle
|date=1892
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|pages=520-523
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|date=1918-05
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|title=Female Circumcision: Indications and a New Technique
|journal=General Practitioner
|issue=9
|pages=115-120
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[[FGC]] was even covered by Blue Cross Blue Shield until 1977. Nowadays, many forms of [[FGC]] are now considered forms of female genital mutilation ([[FGM]]), which are banned in all western countries.
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|title=Plain Facts for Old and Young
|url=https://archive.org/details/plainfaorold00kell/page/390
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|pages=107
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* 1901 [[Ernest G. Mark]] notes that the "pleasurable sensations that are elicited from the extremely sensitive" inner lining of the foreskin may encourage a child to masturbate, which is why he recommends circumcision since it "lessens the sensitiveness of the organ". <ref>{{REFjournal
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|first=Ernest G.
|issue=4
|pages=122-126
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[[File:Single_mogen.jpg|right|thumb|The [[Gomco|Gomco]] and [[Mogen|Mogen]] clamps.]]
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|pages=1433-1437
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* 1956 [[Raymond Creelman]] invents the [[Circumstraint]] which straps down and immobilizes the baby's arms and legs.<ref>{{REFdocument
|title=USPTO patent number RE24,377
|url=
|publisher=USPTO
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|date=1957-10-15
|accessdate=2019-09-19
* 1966 Masters and Johnson erroneous claim that there is '''no difference in sensitivity between penises with and without [[foreskin]]'''.<br>(Note: Their work helps propagate the medical dogma that [[circumcision]] has no effect on sexuality go practically unquestioned for nearly the next four decades.)<ref>{{REFbook
|last=Masters and Johnson
|first=
|year=1966
|title=Human Sexual Response
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|publisher=Little Brown & Co
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|issue=6
|pages=1493-1496
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|year=1971
|title=Hospital Care of Newborn Infants
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|edition=5th Edition
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|chapter=Committee on Fetus and Newborn Issues. Circumcision
|page=110
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|publisher=American Academy of Pediatrics
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|issue=1
|pages=79-80
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|date=1975
|volume=56
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|pages=610-611
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|last=Spock
|first=Benjamin
|year=
|title=Baby and Child Care
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|pages=1946-1976
|location=New York
|publisher=E P Dutten
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|pages=901-903
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|issue=2
|pages=534-535
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|issue=5
|pages=573-577
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|issue=11
|page=696
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|issue=33
|pages=258-260
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|pages=2157-2162
|url=http://www.cirp.org/library/pain/lander/
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|pages=34-44
|url=http://www.cirp.org/library/anatomy/cold-taylor/
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::'''Ethics:''' Here they say while even though cutting off part of your baby's genitalia "is not essential to the child's current well-being" they are perfectly fine with parents and doctors using cultural tradition as justification.<br>(Note: The report does not mention whether they also think cultural tradition is an acceptable reason to anesthetize infant girls and then cut off their clitoral hoods(which are biologically analogous to foreskin)).<ref>{{REFjournal
|last=American Academy of Pediatrics
|first=
|title=Task Force on Circumcision. Circumcision Policy Statement
|journal=Pediatrics
|issue=3
|pages=686-693
|url=
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|issue=2
|pages=152-158
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|issue=6 Pt 1
|pages=1490-1491
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|place=Rio de Janeiro
|title=Female circumcision and HIV infection in Tanzania: for better or for worse?
|url=
|last=Stallings
|first=R.Y.
|issue=9562
|pages=643-656
|url=
|quote=
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|title=Langerin is a natural barrier to HIV-1 transmission by Langerhans cells
|journal=Nature Medicine
|volume=
|issue=13
|pages=367-371
|url=http://icgi.org/Downloads/IAS/de_Witte.pd
|quote=
|pubmedID=
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|date=2007
|accessdate=2019-09-24
{{SEEALSO}}
* [[Alleged reasons for circumcision]]
* [[Lewis Albert Sayre]]
* [[Peter Charles Remondino]]
* [[Abraham L. Wolbarst| Abraham Leo Wolbarst]]
* [[United Kingdom]]
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