Changes

[[Marilyn Fayre Milos]], {{RN}}, while a nursing student at [https://www.mymarinhealth.org/locations/medical-center/ Marin General Hospital], witnessed an unanesthetized circumcision of a newborn boy. Shocked by the extreme [[pain]] and horror of it, she became an opponent of infant circumcision and was forced to resign from her position at Marin General Hospitalwhere infant non-therapeutic circumcision is a profit center and promoted to parents. She immediately created the National Organization of Circumcision Information Resource Centers ([[NOCIRC]]) in 1985. Anand & Hickey (1987) published a paper in the ''New England Journal of Medicine'' that conclusively proved that newborn infants are capable of feeling intense pain. After publication of this landmark paper, no doubt about pain sensation in infants remained. The article stated:<blockquote><i>Numerous lines of evidence suggest that even in the human fetus, pain pathways as well as cortical and subcortical centers necessary for pain perception are well developed late in gestation, and the neurochemical systems now known to be associated with pain transmission and modulation are intact and functional. Physiologic responses to painful stimuli have been well documented in neonates of various gestational ages and are reflected in hormonal, metabolic, and cardiorespiratory changes similar to but greater than those observed in adult subjects. Other responses in newborn infants are suggestive of integrated emotional and behavioral responses to pain and are retained in memory long enough to modify subsequent behavior patterns.</i><ref name="anand1987">{{REFjournal |last=Anand |init=KJS |author-link= |last2=Hickey |init2=PR |author2-link= |etal=yes |title=Pain and its effects in the human neonate and fetus |journal=N Engl J Med |location= |date=1987-11-19 |volume=317 |issue=21 |pages=1321-9 |url=http://www.cirp.org/library/pain/anand/ |archived= |quote= |pubmedID=3317037 |pubmedCID= |DOI=10.1056/NEJM198711193172105 |accessdate=2021-10-07}}</ref></blockquote></i> The American Academy of Pediatric's 1975 circumcision promotional statement was now getting long in the tooth and a newer statement was desired. The AAP appointed the late [[Edgar J. Schoen]], M.D., of Oakland, California, who had written a poem about circumcision as the chairman of a new task force on circumcision. The task force had six members of whom 5 (83%), including Schoen were believed to be Jewish.