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Thomas et al. (2004) studied the incidence of HIV in circumcision and intact men in a United States Navy population. A slightly higher incidence of HIV infection was found in circumcised men (84.9%) as compared with intact men (81.8%). The authors concluded:
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Although there may be other medical or cultural reasons for male circumcision, it is not associated with HIV or STI prevention in this U.S. military population.<ref name="thomas2004">Thomas AG, Bakhireva LN, Brodine SK, Shaffer RA. [https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/46054655/ADA458066.pdf?1464571918=&response-content-disposition=inline%3B+filename%3DPrevalence_of_Circumcision_and_its_Assoc.pdf&Expires=1593715109&Signature=ecYcK3EIbcr0P3pgaGC2RSoSXWb0mT3mKrLQo6yXtUiHonZhCiagfa5DJbxOdLxpqwIeTbWwp8QRyqrwCimTRy714YpPPkCAwW6-v2UpRxDqz8FZK~i3pgk3rGNYPPDtxkWqupx65eMlaBvA~wt9rx6gPpoMafrL7WzN1-zre14bHSzXrvZWvsICVWC9lnVKY0qD93gpEnaT42DBNulBMg~nTWSy9ON4jR5tjW9m04ziBsbcrHkrMe9JCaJZWsrmL4AbIrg0OyXHM5DAozRQJv0zyqwHRXqGylD~YrY4aHf~ZlrLpxdsMMkIO7qCTTamGpQz853rGgDYfkfZeD8Mkw__&Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA Prevalence of male circumcision and its association with HIV and sexually transmitted infections in a U.S. Navy population]. Abstract no. TuPeC4861. Presented at the XV International AIDS Conference, Bangkok, Thailand, July 11-16, 2004.</ref>
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[[Saving Our Sons (SoS)]], an [[intactivist]] organization, commenced operations online in 2007.