Changes

|ref=<ref>[{{REFweb |url=http://web.archive.org/web/20121031051028/https://www.joe.ie/news-politics/current-affairs-opinion/cultural-circumcision-not-really-on-is-it-006900-1 Rood] |archived=yes |title=Cultural circumcision: not really on, is it? |date=2011-01-15 |accessdate=2021-11-13}}</ref>

Understanding Jake requires understanding of several common and several bizarre psychological phenomenon.The common ones are projection and cognitive dissonance. The bizarre ones are Apotemnophilia, Body Integrity Identity Disorder (BIID), and Acrotomophilia.

The person holding the belief must have committed himself to it; that is, for the sake of his belief, he must have taken some important action that is difficult to undo. In general, the more important such actions are, and the more difficult they are to undo, the greater is the individual's commitment to the belief.<refname=Festinger1957>{{REFbook |last=Festinger, |first=L. ( |year=1957) |title=Cognitive dissonance. |location=Stanford, Calif.: {{USSC|CA}} |publisher=Stanford University Press.}}</ref>

Using the free choice paradigm and an MRI, Sharot and colleagues have shown that after making a choice, activity in the striatum changes to reflect the new evaluation of the choice object, increasing if the object was chosen and decreasing if it was rejected.<ref>{{REFjournal |last=Van Veen, |init=V., |last2=Krug, M.K., |init2=MK |last3=Schooler, J.W., & |init3=JW |last4=Carter, C.S. ( |init4=CS |date=2009). |title=Neural activity predicts attitude change in cognitive dissonance. |journal=Nature Neuroscience, |volume=12( |issue=11), 1469–1474. |pages=1469-74}}</ref>Follow-up studies have largely confirmed these results.<ref>{{REFjournal |last=Izuma, |init=K., |last2=Matsumoto, |init2=M., |last3=Murayama, |init3=K., |last4=Samejima, |init4=K., |last5=Sadato, |init5=N., & |last6=Matsumoto, |init6=K. ( |date=2010). |title=Neural correlates of cognitive dissonance and choice-induced preference change. |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, U.S.A., USA |volume=107( |issue=51), |pages=22014-22019. 9}}</ref><ref>{{REFjournal |last=Qin, |init=J., |last2=Kimel, |init2=S., |last3=Kitayama, |init3=S., |last4=Wang, |init4=X., |last5=Yang, |init5=X., & |last6=Han, |init6=S. ( |date=2011). |title=How choice modifies preference: Neural correlates of choice justification |journal=Neuroimage, |volume=55( |issue=1), 240–246. |pages=240-6}}</ref>In other words people are actually programed to think this way.

In a different type of experiment conducted by Jack Brehm<ref>{{REFjournal |last=Brehm, |init=J. ( |date=1956). |title=Post-decision changes in desirability of alternatives. |journal=Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, |volume=52( |issue=3), 384–389. |pages=384-9}}</ref>, 225 female students rated a series of common appliances and were then allowed to choose one of two appliances to take home as a gift. A second round of ratings showed that the participants increased their ratings of the item they chose, and lowered their ratings of the rejected item. This can be explained in terms of cognitive dissonance. When making a difficult decision, there are always aspects of the rejected choice that one finds appealing and these features are dissonant with choosing something else.

Dissonance is aroused whenever individuals voluntarily engage in an unpleasant activity to achieve some desired goal. Dissonance can be reduced by exaggerating the desirability of the goal. Aronson & Mills<ref>{{REFjournal |last=Aronson & Mills Aronson, |init=E. & |last2=Mills, |init2=J. ( |date=1956). |title=The effect of severity of initiation on liking for a group. |journal=Journal of (7)Abnormal and Social Psychology, |volume=59, 177–181. |issue=7 |pages=177-81}}</ref>had individuals undergo a severe or mild "initiation" in order to become a member of a group. In the severe-initiation condition, the individuals engaged in an embarrassing activity. The group turned out to be very dull and boring. The individuals in the severe-initiation condition evaluated the group as more interesting than the individuals in the mild-initiation condition.

|Source=DanaRielydanariely.com |ref=<ref>{{REFweb |url=http://danariely.com/tag/experiments-2/page/3/ retrieved. 3/5/ |title=HBR Breakthrough Ideas for 2009 |last=Ariely |first=Dan |date=2009-02-05 |accessdate=2021-11-13}}</ref>

|Text=But finally , I has had what I wanted and . And now I love my dick.

|ref=<refname=Adequacy>{{REFweb |url=http://web.archive.org/web/20070807112658/http://www.adequacy.org/stories/2001.10.31.23859.193.html#84 |archived=yes |title=Should we circumcize our boy? |accessdate=2021-11-13}}</ref>

Dissonance is aroused when people are confronted with information that is inconsistent with their beliefs. If the dissonance is not reduced by changing one's belief, the dissonance can result in misperception or rejection or refutation of the information, seeking support from others who share the beliefs, and attempting to persuade others to restore consonance.<ref>Festinger, L. (1957) Cognitive dissonance. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press.<name=Festinger1957/ref>

The individual believer must have social support. It is unlikely that one isolated believer could withstand the kind of disconfirming evidence that has been specified. If, however, the believer is a member of a group of convinced persons who can support one another, the belief may be maintained and the believers may attempt to proselyte or persuade nonmembers that the belief is correct.<ref>Festinger, L. (1957) Cognitive dissonance. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press.<name=Festinger1957/ref>

Psychological projection or projection bias is a psychological defense mechanism where a person unconsciously denies his or her own attributes, thoughts, and emotions, which are then ascribed to the outside world, such as to other people. Thus, projection involves imagining or projecting the belief that others have those feelings. <ref>{{REFbook |last=Wade, |first=Tavris " |title=Psychology" Sixth Edition |edition=6th |publisher=Prentice Hall |year=2000}}</ref>

|Text=I think that failing to circumcise a boy at infant in his infancy actually '''denies ''' him a choice. Because it is so difficult to get circumcised as an adult. I gather it's a lot easier in the US, but here in the UK it is nearly impossible. I speak from experience.

|ref=<ref>http:name=Adequacy//www.adequacy.org/stories/2001.10.31.23859.193.html#84</ref>

He also uses flawed Internet surveys and study's to rationalize his projection.<ref> {{REFweb |last=Edwards |first=R. |title=Definitive penis size survey results [(online]). 1998 [cited 2004 Sep 26]. Available at: |date=1998 |url=http://sizesurvey.com/result.html}}</ref><ref>{{REFweb |last=JackinWorld |title=5th anniversary survey [(online]). 1996-2004 [cited 2004 Sep 26]. Available at: |url=http://www.jackinworld.com/library/surveys/survey5.html |date=2004}}</ref><ref>{{REFweb |last=Badger |first=J. |title=How do men and women feel about circumcision? [(online]). 2001 [cited 2004 Sep 26]. Available at: |url=http://www.users.bigpond.net.au/xeyr/circum/feelings.htm}}</ref>Some of these anonymous internet surveys and study's conclude that intact men desired circumcision and that circumcised men where content. However, only one study he uses was actually published in a peer reviewed journal, and it found that people where incorrect about their own circumcision status at an alarming rate.<ref>{{REFjournal |last=Schlossberger |init=NM, |last2=Turner |init2=RA, |last3=Irwin Jr |init3=CE Jr. |title=Early adolescent knowledge and attitudes about circumcision: methods and implications for research. |journal=J Adolesc Health |date=1992 Jun; -06 |volume=13( |issue=4): |pages=293-7 }}</ref>This makes the results of self reporting scrupulous. Furthermore Intact men are typically made to feel outcast in a majority circumcised U.S. Since humans value conformity so much<ref>{{REFjournal |last=Asch, S. E. ( |init=SE |date=1955). " |title=Opinions and social pressure". |journal=Scientific American |volume=193: 31–35. doi: |pages=31-5 |DOI=10.1038/scientificamerican1155-31.}}</ref>this effect, if it exists, will exist no longer because the majority of children born today in the U.S. are left intact.<ref>RONI CARYN RABIN. {{REFnews |first=Roni Caryn |last=Rabin |title=Steep Drop Seen in Circumcisions in U.S. |publisher=New York Times. August |date=2010-08-16, 2010 |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2010/08/17/health/research/17circ.html retrieved 3/6/ |accessdate=2021-11 -13}}</ref>Also, younger people tend to value conformity more then adults, so an internet surveys geared toward younger people will yield results infavor of conformity.

Jake goes further to supply study's of adult men who underwent circumcision, some study participants reported an improvement,<ref>{{REFjournal |last=Masood |init=S, et al. |etal=yes |title=Penile sensitivity and sexual satisfaction after circumcision: are we informing men correctly? |journal=Urol Int. |date=2005; |volume=75( |issue=1): |pages=62-6.}}</ref>Another study was from Africa where sexual practices have absolutely no resemblance of sexual practices in the U.S.<ref>{{REFjournal |last=Krieger |init=JN, et al. |etal=yes |title=Adult male circumcision: effects on sexual function and sexual satisfaction in Kisumu, Kenya. |journal=J Sex Med. |date=2008 Nov;-11 |volume=5( |issue=11): |pages=2610-2}}</ref>In any event it is flawed to use such study's to rationalize a projection because as i discussed above in the section on cognitive dissonance, human animals are programed to over state the value of their end decision while simultaneously rationalizing the effort it took to get irreversibly circumcised as an adult.

Jake goes on to use another study of self assessment in determining the sensitivity of the foreskin.<ref>Ref: {{REFjournal |last=Schober |init=JM, et al. |etal=yes |title=Self-ratings of genital anatomy, sexual sensitivity and function in men using the 'Self-Assessment of Genital Anatomy and Sexual Function, Male' questionnaire. |journal=BJU Int. |date=2009 Apr;-04 |volume=103( |issue=8): |pages=1096-103. Epub 2009 Feb 24.}}</ref>But as discussed earlier people are not even able to determine their own circumcision status much less the five components of the foreskin and their sensitivity.

'''Apotemnophilia''' is a neurological disorder in which otherwise sane and rational individuals express a strong and specific desire for the [[amputation]] of a healthy limb or limbs. <ref>{{REFjournal |last=Everaerd, |init=W. ( |date=1983). |title=A Case of Apotemnophilia: A Handicap as Sexual Preference. |journal=American Journal of Psychotherapy, |volume=37 285–293. |pages=285-93}}</ref>There is often a sexual interest in becoming an amputee.<ref>{{REFjournal |last=Brang, |init=G. ( |date=2008). |title=Apotemnophilia: A Neurological Disorder. |journal=Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuropsychology, |volume=19 1305–1306. |pages=1305-6}}</ref>

One of his piers said: “Some of us who do get erotic and sexual gratification out of not only the finished product, but also the procedure itself.” The “finished product” is the sexual interest in becoming an amputee and the “procedure it self” itself” is akin to the Ikea IKEA effect that was previously discussed.

Body Integrity Identity Disorder (BIID), formerly known as Amputee Identity Disorder, is a neurological and psychological disorder that makes sufferers feel they would be happier living as an amputee. It is typically accompanied by the desire to amputate one or more healthy limbs to achieve that end.<ref>{{REFjournal |last=Large |init=MM (October |date=2007). "-10 |title=Body identity disorder". |journal=Psychol Med |volume=37 ( |issue=10): |page=1513; author reply 1513–4.}}</ref>

 '''Acrotomophilia''' refers to a paraphilia in which an individual expresses strong sexual interest in amputees. <ref>{{REFjournal |last=Solvang, |init=P. ( |date=2007). |title=The amputee body desired: Beauty destabilized? Disability re-valued? |journal=Sex and Disability, |volume=25, |pages=51–64.}}</ref>