Changes

The circumcision of the female genitals in particular attracts a great deal of attention from the "concern industry". What is new for many is the fact that circumcision of the male genitalia also leads to numerous [[death]] cases worldwide or causes lifelong suffering. While male circumcision is primarily a ritual tradition in the so-called "Third World", routine non-theraputic [[circumcision ]] of boys immediately after birth has become a [[Financial incentive| lucrative practice ]] in the [[United States of America]] on which a large number of jobs and careers depend directly and indirectly. What connects the medicine man on the Solomon Islands with the hypermodern hyper-modern doctor in the USA: Both of them commit suicide genital mutilation on children without any [[medical indication]]. There is no medical necessity which, according to German law, makes a surgical intervention in the first place an [[Impunity|exemption from punishment]].<ref name="Intaktiv">{{REFweb

* Wherever there is [[female genital mutilation]], there is also the male form; the other way round does not apply.<ref name="Vafk-Broschure"/>

* [[MGM| Male genital mutilation ]] IS comparable to [[FGM|female genital mutilation]].* Effects on psyche ([[trauma]]), [[sexuality]] and health (partial / complete loss of [[penis]], [[death]])* Extreme forms are little known: skinning the [[penis]], crushing a [[testicle]]

* Small piece of [[skin]]? - — If the [[foreskin ]] is completely removed, the largest part (!) of the [[penis ]] [[skin ]] is removed.

Boys are thus granted fewer [[human rights]] than girls. [[Mayhem|Bodily harm]] against girls are thus given a criminal offense of their own, while bodily harm against boys, for which the same reasoning would apply, is ignored.<refname="manndat2009">{{REFweb

The first three types are detailed here: [[Genital mutilation (table){Table]].* '''[[Circumcision]]:''' The [[foreskin ]] is removed in a ring (partially or completely).<ref name="wiki_circum">{{W|Cirkumcision}}</ref>* '''Incision:''' The [[foreskin ]] is incised one or more times.* '''Subincision''' ([[Aborigines]]): The [[penis ]] is cut so deep on the underside that the [[urethra ]] is cut open lengthways (partially or completely). Widespread infections [[infection]] can develop, and it is not uncommon for them to end [[death|fatally]].* '''Sewing metal bells into the [[skin]]''' ([[India]]): This is said to enable men to better satisfy women.* '''Sewing bamboo or metal balls (ampallangs) into the glans or penis shaft''' (Indonesia, CoreaKorea, Natives of the Philippines): This should stimulate the future partner's [[clitoris ]] better.

* In the [[United States of America|USA]](2016), approximately 5751.7% of all male newborns are routinely non-therapeutically [[circumcised ]] shortly after birth (downward trend).<ref name="Manndatjacobson2021">{{REFwebREFjournal |urllast=Jacobson |first=http://manndatDeborah L.de/maennergesundheit/genitalverstuemmelung |init= |author-beilink= |last2=Balmert |first2=Lauren C. |init2= |author2-jungenlink= |last3=Holl |first3=Jane L. |init3= |author3-undlink= |last4=Rosoklija |first4=Ilina |init4= |author4-maennernlink= |last5=Davis |first5=Matthew M.html |init5= |author5-link= |last6=Johnson |first6Emilie K. |init6= |author6-link= |etal=no |title=MANNdatNationwide Circumcision Trends: Genitalverstümmelung bei Jungen und Männern2003 to 2016 |trans-title=MANNdat: Genital mutilation in boys and men |language=German |journal=J Urol |location= |date=20052021-0801 |volume=205 |issue=1 |article= |page= |pages=257-23}}{{REFdocument63 |url=httphttps://www.manndatauajournals.deorg/wp-contentdoi/uploadsabs/2008/0810.1097/genitalverstuemmelungJU.pdf0000000000001316 |titlepubmedID=MANNdat: Genitalverstümmelung bei Jungen und Männern32716676 |trans-titlepubmedCID=MANNdat: Genital mutilation in boys and men |languageDOI=German10.1097/JU.0000000000001316 |dateaccessdate=20052022-0802-2306 |pages=5 |format=PDF}} (Notes on a taboo subject)</ref>

* [[J. Steven Svoboda]], a Harvard-trained attorney for [[human rights]], estimates that boys and men are six times as likely to be victims of genital mutilation as girls and women.<ref name="Manndatmanndat2009"/>

* [[Circumcision ]] is the most commonly performed surgical procedure in the world, currently an estimated 25 percent of the world's male population is [[circumcised]].<ref name="wiki_circum"/>

Some might think that a [[circumcised ]] penis is more attractive. However, [[Acroposthion| this opinion is by no means shared by everyone]]. When the boy is grown up, he should be able to decide for himself whether any advantages outweigh the disadvantages. [[Parents]] are also not allowed to cut off their child's ears, even if they think that's nice.

[[Smegma]] is a white, waxy substance that is found under the [[foreskin]] can form. It consists of natural secretions and flaky [[skin ]] cells. It used to be feared that smegma could be cancerous, but that has been refuted. Good general hygiene and common sense are keys to preventing [[infection ]] and disease.<ref name="cirp-faq">{{REFweb

}}</ref> A [[circumcised ]] penis is slightly easier to keep clean. An uncircumcised [[intact]] [[penis]] can also be kept clean: using soap and warm water. Again, it would not occur to anyone to cut off a child's ears just because they can get dirty.

Circumcisions are [[Circumcision]] is sometimes justified because [[foreskin ]] problems can arise later. So you don't wait to see whether the operation is necessary at all, but cut preventively. Nobody comes up with the stupid idea of carrying out a preventive breast decrease in women to prevent a possible {{W|Breast cancer}} from occurring.

|Text=In the vast majority of cases, a [[phimosis]] or narrowing of the [[foreskin ]] is named as the medical reason for the surgical removal of the penile foreskin. It should be noted, however, that this is a completely normal developmental condition, which, as long as it remains symptom-free, does not actually require treatment. Experience from the Scandinavian countries clearly shows that most children’s [[foreskin ]] "problems" (constriction or sticking) resolve themselves by {{W|puberty}}.

|last=Balster |first=Saskia |url=http://web.archive.org/web/20050112031134/http://www.medreports.de/medpdf/Rev12_04.pdf |archived=yes |title=Phimosebehandlung mit betamethasonhaltiger Salbe |trans-title=phimosis treatment with Ointment containing betamethasone |language=German

# "If an intervention can be avoided, if the intended success can also be achieved in other ways, with less intensive measures, then the more intensive intervention is not in the [[child's well-being]]."<ref>{{REFweb

Even if the [[phimosis ]] can only be corrected surgically, removal of the [[foreskin ]] is often not necessary. With [[Phimosis#Preputioplasty| modern procedures]], the [[foreskin ]] is preserved.

[[Penile cancer ]] is an extremely rare form of cancer. It mostly occurs in older men, and most doctors do not recommend infant circumcision as a preventive measure. Penile cancer can occur in both [[circumcised ]] and [[intact ]] men: The maggot study (an ongoing study of penile cancer at the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center in Seattle) found that 37% of penile cancers occur in [[circumcised ]] men.<ref name="cirp-faq"/>

There are "claims that the incidence of cervical carcinoma (cancer of the [[cervix or cervix]]) increased in women after sexual intercourse with uncircumcised [[foreskinned]] men through the transmission of [[smegma]]. This relationship has been rejected by researchers as scientifically implausible."<ref>{{REFweb

The theory that wives of men with [[intact ]] foreskins are more prone to [[cervical cancer ]] has been refuted. The theory that having a [[foreskin ]] increases the risk of STDs has been refuted in a new study.<ref name="cirp-faq"/>

Circumcision is also widespread among boys and men, especially in [[Judaism]], in [[Islam| Islamic ]] countries (in childhood) and in Africa.

|Text=In African countries, for example, [[circumcision ]] is primarily regarded as an [[Adolescent_and_adult_circumcision#Ulwaluko|initiation rite for adolescents during puberty]]. The ability to endure the [[pain ]] that comes with it is considered a prerequisite for becoming man in many tribes. Often it is a prerequisite for having a wife at all, as women attach importance to marrying a man who has endured this ordeal. |ref=<ref name="Manndatmanndat2009"/>

According to the puritanical view, the foreskin [[amputation]] serves to control sexuality by avoiding the sensation of sexual pleasure, which is often viewed as undesirable (especially [[masturbation ]] in boys).

=== [[AIDS ]] prevention ===[[HIV| Studies refute circumcision ]] as [[AIDS]] prevention. Male circumcision is irrelevant to the spread of [[AIDS ]] if one counts out the number of infected prostitutes in the region. There is less [[AIDS ]] in Muslim areas. However, this is not caused by the higher number of [[circumcised ]] men, but by the lower number of prostitutes per inhabitant. When looking at sexual intercourse individually, circumcision can reduce the transmission rate by 50-60%, but the problem is that individuals in areas with a high [[AIDS ]] rate have multiple sexual contacts with infected people. Circumcision would only delay the inevitable and be ineffective as [[AIDS ]] prevention.<ref name="AIDS-Studie">{{REFnews

Among 500 men, 23.4% of the [[circumcised ]] had already been affected by a sexually transmitted disease by the age of 32, and 23.5% of the uncircumcised[[intact]].<ref name="SÜK-Studie">{{REFweb

It has the opposite effect when [[circumcised ]] men feel safe from [[AIDS ]] and do without condoms.<ref>{{REFweb

* Protective function: In small children, the glued [[foreskin ]] protects the [[glans ]] from the excretions in the diaper. Throughout life, the [[foreskin ]] keeps the [[glans ]] soft and moist and protects it from [[trauma]], injuries, environmental influences, friction and dehydration.

** The [[foreskin ]] contains numerous delicate nerve endings. Together with the sensitive surface of the [[glans]], the inner [[foreskin]], which is retracted and turned outward during an [[erection]], forms an extensive and highly sensitive erogenous zone, which is important for normal, intense feeling during sexual intercourse and [[masturbation]].** The [[foreskin ]] prevents unnecessary friction during sexual intercourse with a special [[Gliding action| sliding effect ]] and increases the sensation of pleasure in men and women.* Immune system: Specialized cells in the [[foreskin ]] form substances that fight and kill pathogens. However, research into this function is still in its infancy.

=== Just a little bit of [[skin]]? ===A property of the [[Foreskin | Foreskinforeskin]] is that the [[skin ]] is double-layered and can contract very strongly when the [[penis ]] is in a flaccid state. In the relaxed state, the [[foreskin ]] is cut away. Transferred to a grown man, much of the [[skin ]] of the entire erect [[penis ]] is removed! The [[penis ]] is THE errogenous erogenous zone in a man and with [[circumcision ]] a [[The Foreskin: 15 Square Inches of Erogenous Tissue| considerable area ]] (comparable to the palm of the hand without fingers!) Is cut away. How to determine the area is explained [https://beschneendung-von-jungen.de/home/komplikation/der-normale-penis-und-die-ausektiven-der-beschneendung.html here]. This [[ridged band|area ]] of [[skin ]] is covered with an unusually high density of [[Meissner's corpuscles| nerve cells]].

With a circumcision, the [[Foreskin | Foreskinforeskin]], which normally encloses and protects the sensitive [[glans]], the most important erogenous zone in men. Otherwise damp and extremely sensitive, it dries out and covers itself with a new, thin [[skin]]. She becomes less sensitive. In addition to the desensitization of the glans, the [[Foreskin sensitivity| sensitive foreskin tissue ]] itself is completely eliminated as a pleasure donor. If the foreskin is removed behind the glans, this corresponds to about a third of the entire [[skin ]] on the penis.

All in all, [[masturbation ]] is experienced as less pleasurable.

The [[pain ]] of the procedure was and is partly used as a punishment for "sinful" masturbation:

For some [[circumcised ]] men, [[masturbation ]] is almost only possible with aids [[AIDS]] (such as lubricant, baby oil or saliva). During sexual intercourse, the [[penis ]] lacks the [[Gliding action| natural gliding ]] of its [[shaft skin]], which can make penetration more difficult. Direct rubbing against the [[Vagina| vaginal wall ]] can cause vaginal dryness problems.

In a Boyle et al. (20022019), 1577 Filipino boys aged 11 to 16 years before and after circumcision (performed either with or without local anesthetic) were observed. Before the procedure, it was ensured that only boys who did not have [[PTSD ]] (according to DSM-IV) were included in the study. After the procedure, 50% of the boys [[circumcised ]] with local anesthetic and 69% of the boys [[circumcised ]] ritually (without local anesthetic) were diagnosed with PTSD according to DSM-IV criteria.<ref>{{REFjournal |last=Boyle |first=Gregory J. |init=GJ |author-link=Gregory J. Boyle |last2=Ramos |first2=Samuel |init2=S |author2-link= |etal=no |title=Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) among Filipino boys subjected to non-therapeutic ritual or medical surgical procedures: A retrospective cohort study |trans-title= |language=English |journal=Annals of Medicine and Surgery |location= |date=2019 |volume=42 |issue= |pages=19-22 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2049080119300305 |archived= |quote= |pubmedID=31080593 |pubmedCID=6506608 |DOI=10.1016/j.amsu.2019.04.004 |accessdate=2023-12-30}}</ref>

Subincision: The underside of the [[penis ]] is split. Consequence: The [[semen ]] flows down outside the female body, the chances of pregnancy decrease.<ref name="FocusWissen">{{REFnews

In 2009, until 15 August 2009, 53 boys died as a result of improper circumcision in [[South Africa]], while thirteen boys suffered penile amputations.<ref name="dispatch">{{REFweb

}}</ref> Dehydration, hypothermia, blood poisoning, heavy [[bleeding]], and the fact that most boys don't seek help until it's too late are the most common causes. The circumcisions are performed without anesthetics using traditional circumcision tools.

* With the Dowayos [in Cameroon], circumcision is a long drawn-out process. [...] The operation is designed to arouse fear and horror. The boys are stripped down to their [[skin ]] at a ritual crossroads and taken to the grove by the river, where the circumcision takes place. On the way they are jumped at by the cutters, who growl like hunting leopards and threaten them with a knife. The operation is very painful as the [[penis ]] is peeled off almost in full length. There may be several different circumcisers, each cutting off a piece of the [[foreskin]]. The boy is not allowed to scream, but the old men who told me about the festive event admitted that many did. That doesn't matter, as long as the women believed they had acted bravely. The results of such interventions can be studied at the bathing area. When the operated person is still very young, the limb sometimes takes on an almost spherical shape, which may be partly responsible for the very low [[birth rate]] among the Dowayos. Since all are circumcised with the same knife and the risk of [[infection ]] is correspondingly high, the [[death]] rate is considerable. Boys who died as a result of the operation were said to have been eaten by leopards. Correspondence from French colonial officers shows how distressed they were at the large number of youths allegedly eaten by the leopard - leopards — even though leopards were practically extinct in the area.<ref name="dowayo">{{REFweb

* The removal of the entire [[skin ]] covering the limb, sometimes up to the navel, is very rare, but has been documented in some villages in Yemen.{{REFmissing}}

* The Hijra, a sect in India, appears to have radically amputated the [[penis ]] and testicles. To what extent this is enforced cannot be read from the Wikipedia article: "Although it is very often assumed that Hijra mostly undergo or at least seek ritual castration and penectomy."<ref>{{W|Hijra}} in India</ref>

}} (If there is no medical need, the doctor should refuse the procedure.)</ref> the doctors [[Maximilian Stehr]], Hans-Georg Dietz and the lawyer [[Holm Putzke]] advise against religious circumcision without medical necessity. Because the removal of the foreskin represents a "not only insignificant loss of substance, it is therefore a violation of physical integrity", in which the surgeon could be liable to prosecution for [[Mayhem|bodily harm]].<ref>{{REFnews

In Cologne, [[Cologne circumcision court judgment| circumcision was made a criminal offense]], but it is not seen as clearly as it seems to some in Germany in other western countries. In the [[USA]], for example, it is almost routine. The health organizations in different countries assess the procedure differently.

Modern medicine knows the advantages and risks that can arise from the circumcision of male genitals. [[Science]] does not yet give a unanimous answer to this question. However, [[Islam]] and [[Judaism]] do not care at all about the state of research. They are concerned with the observance of iron commandments and customs.<ref>{{REFnews

If the scientific argument is omitted, it becomes clear that the question of the permissibility of [[circumcision ]] is only about a decision about social [[values]], legally speaking about "legal interests". In fact, it is also about whether Jews in Germany are allowed to live their [[Judaism ]] as they understand it and not as others think. Elizabeth Wyner Mark, editor of a volume published in 2003 entitled "The Covenant of Circumcision" writes with a view to the fact that most secular, by no means religious Jews have their boys [[Brit Milah| circumcised]], that circumcision is an expression of the Jewish will to survive after the Shoah <ref>''Shoah'' is a Hebrew word for ''catastrophe''. It is another word for the Holocaust.</ref> and thus for has become a moral obligation for many parents.

In any case, [[circumcision ]] has been a sign of Jewish self-assertion for millennia. The categorically experienced [[Abrahamic covenant| instruction of Jews to circumcise their sons on the eighth day ]] can be historically proven for two and a half thousand years. However, since ancient times there have been repeated attempts to prevent circumcision. The Hellenistic culture, with its worship of the beautiful body, [[Epispasm| led many Jewish men to lengthen their foreskin ]] again in order not to be ridiculed when doing sports in the nude. The Hellenistic King Antiochus IV even tried - — despite all alleged pagan tolerance - — to forcibly prohibit the circumcision of Jewish boys in the second century BC. This measure contributed significantly to the development of Jewish martyrdom.<ref>{{REFnews

Female circumcision is usually performed by women. This aspect, that women are not only [[victims]] but at the same time also [[perpetrators]], is mostly ignored in the reporting. It is also the circumcisers themselves who defend themselves against a ban and are also prepared to use violence.<ref>{{REFnews

In November 2006, [[TARGET]] organized and funded a conference at {{UNI|Al-Azhar University |Azhar}} in Cairo. As a result of this conference, leading Islamic legal scholars condemned the practice of female genital mutilation.

* In [[Elfriede Jelinek]] 's autobiographically influenced novel "The Piano Player", a sadomasochistic, mentally disturbed woman mutilates her own genitals.

Federal Minister of Justice [[Sabine Leutheusser-Schnarrenberger]] ([[FDP]]), out of concern for the girls, has examined how the [[circumcision ]] of boys can be made legally secure. According to the Ministry, the judgment represents a break with the prevailing legal opinion. The formulation of a law is associated with considerable technical difficulties. In particular, it should be ruled out that girls can also be circumcised for religious or cultural reasons.<ref>{{REFweb

In the Bundestag, members of the government were prevented from voting by asking the [[circumcision ]] critics to leave the plenary session.<ref>{{REFweb

The aim is to objectify the debate about [[circumcision ]] and to induce politics to allow the interests of children to be weighed up at all. It cannot be the basis of legislative action to regard circumcision exclusively as a religious ritual and thus only as a question of religious life in Germany.<ref>{{REFnews

|Text=Like girls, boys have a right to physical integrity. And the [[lawmaker]] must protect this [[right]] and also guarantee boys the basic right to physical integrity.

|Text=From a legal point of view, circumcision is, from a legal point of view, bodily harm, just like any other intervention into the integrity of the body, as long as the patient cannot consent to the intervention. <br> If Muslim or Jewish parents are involved with the Request for transfer to a circumcision for religious reasons, I refuse. For me, the medical aspect is all that counts. And only then does the health system have to pay. Whether the parents then have the operation carried out anyway and whether they and the surgeon are then punishable - — must be decided on a different, philosophical-religious and ethical level. See you again in Karlsruhe.

Baby foreskin is a sought-after "raw material" for the pharmaceutical and cosmetics industries. The tissue is extremely reproductive and almost certainly free from pathogens. Injectable collagen, obtained from the foreskins of newborn boys, can reduce the formation of wrinkles in aging [[skin]], can be used for spraying on the lips and for the cosmetic treatment of scars.

An artificial [[skin ]] product is sold worldwide under the name "[[Apligraf]]", which is also obtained from a baby's foreskin and supports the natural healing process of large wounds.

}}</ref> Rather, [[Alice Schwarzer]] campaigns for male circumcision.<ref>{{REFweb

* [[Circumcision and violence]]* Female circumciser]]

* [[Sexuality]]* [[Violence]]* [[Genital mutilation (table)/Table]]* [[Self-determination]]