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wikify Infibulation
Intentionally (yes) altering (yes) and causing injury (yes) to the female (no) genital organs (yes) for non-medical reasons (yes)
Health benefits. This is a moot point. While some will argue for the benefits of circumcision, there are also harms (that health organizations refuse to acknowledge) such as the loss of the frenulum, loss of tissue, loss of mobility and long term harm to the glans, and then there are all the risks. Furthermore, in lack of consent, even the benefits are obtained by unethical means.
Procedure can cause severe bleeding (yes) and problems urinating (yes - many circumcised boys have meatal stenosis, some develop fistulas, some "medical" methods of circumcision can cause life-threatening urine retention) and later infections or infertility (if there is loss of the penis). (cyst, complications in childbirth do not apply... furthermore complications in childbirth only applies to one type of FGM, [[infibulation]], not all types).
More than 125 million girls and women alive today have been cut. Close to 20 to 30% of the male population alive today has been cut.
Circumcision is mostly carried out on young boys sometime between infancy and age 15.
[WHO] FGM is often motivated by beliefs about what is considered proper sexual behaviour, linking procedures to premarital virginity and marital fidelity. FGM is in many communities believed to reduce a woman's libido and therefore believed to help her resist "illicit" sexual acts. When a vaginal opening is covered or narrowed (type 3 above), the fear of the pain of opening it, and the fear that this will be found out, is expected to further discourage "illicit" sexual intercourse among women with this type of FGM.
[We] It is necessary to remember that the original motivation behind medical circumcision in the United States was to prevent and cure [[masturbation]]. Male [[infibulation ]] (sewing the foreskin with a silver thread) was also done at the time to prevent erections. Doctors today deny that there is any sexual harm, but they were circumcised at birth themselves so they don't have a personal experience of intact sex.
[WHO] FGM is associated with cultural ideals of femininity and modesty, which include the notion that girls are “clean” and "beautiful" after removal of body parts that are considered "male" or "unclean".