Changes

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So we see that circumcision has long been used to effect behavior change.

There was little awareness of emotional and psychological issues when child circumcision was being promoted in the late 19th century and early 20th century. For example, [[Douglas Gairdner]] made no mention at all of pain, behavior changes, or psychological issues in his landmark 1949 paper.<ref name="fate1949">{{GairdnerDM 1949}}</ref>