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*: The [[foreskin]] is naturally equipped with multiple defense mechanisms against infection. The [[foreskin]] in the infant and toddler has a pronounced peak with a sphincter, which is formed by a vortex of muscle tissue, and remains closed to keep foreign substances out there, but opens to allow the outflow of [[urine]]. The sub-preputial moisture contains lysozyme, a secretion that destroys harmful microorganisms. The [[foreskin]] contains Langerhans cells, provide protection against [[HIV]] infection. Fleiss, Hodges, and [[Robert S. Van Howe|Van Howe]]<ref>{{REFjournal