Changes

 Featuring Dr. [[Dean Edell]]<br>

Given the similarities between the male and female genitals, the nature of the surgery and the justifications offered, it is surprising that male and female circumcision enjoy such strikingly different reputations, at least in Anglophone societies: the first, a mild and harmless adjustment which should be tolerated, if not actively promoted; the second, a cruel abomination which must be stopped by law, no matter how culturally significant to its practitioners. If you call circumcision of boys male genital mutilation, you are accused of emotionalism; if you fail to call circumcision of women or girls female genital mutilation you are accused of trivialising the offence. While the United Nations, Amnesty International and other international agencies spend millions on programs to eradicate FGM, they have never uttered a word against [[circumcision ]] of boys.

It might be thought that the reason for this [[double standard ]] lies in the greater physical severity of [[female circumcision]], but this is to confuse cause with effect. On the contrary, it is the tolerant or positive attitude towards male circumcision and the rarity of female circumcision in western societies which promote the illusion that the operation is necessarily more sexually disabling, and without benefit to health, when performed on girls or women. It is, of course, also true that the term female circumcision is vague, referring to any one or more of a number of surgical procedures. These have been defined by the World Health Organisation as follows:

[[Female Genital Mutilation genital mutilation]] comprises all procedures that involve partial or total removal of female external genitalia and/or injury to the female genital organs for cultural or any other non-therapeutic reason.

Type 1: [[Excision]] of the prepuce with or without excision of part or all of the [[clitorisclitoral glans]]

Type 2: [[Excision]] of the [[clitorisclitoral glans]] together with partial or total [[excision]] of the [[labia minora]]

* pricking, piercing or incision of the [[clitorisclitoral glans]] and/or labia;* stretching of the [[clitorisclitoral glans]] and/or labia;* cauterization by burning of the [[clitorisclitoral glans]] and surrounding tissue;