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Neonatal [[circumcision]] is an elective, medically-unnecessary, non-therapeutic [[amputation]] of the healthy [[foreskin]] that is done only after parents sign a [[circumcision consent form]]. It exposes an infant to surgical risks, but does not treat or prevent disease.<ref name="deacon2022">{{REFjournal |last=Deacon |first=Matthew |init=M |author-link= |last2=Muir |first2=Gordon |init2=G |author2-link= |etal=no |title=What is the medical evidence on non-therapeutic child circumcision? |journal= Int J Impot Res |date=2022-01-08 |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41443-021-00502-y |pubmedID=34997197 |DOI=10.1038/s41443-021-00502-y |accessdate=2022-02-02}}</ref> Circumcision is a surgical operation and [[amputation]] that creates an open surgical wound on the [[penis]]. [[Rosemary Romberg]] (2021) described infection as a "fairly common complication."<ref name="romberg2021">{{REFbook |last=Romberg |first=Rosemary |init= |author-link=Rosemary Romberg |year=2021 |title=Circumcision — The Painful Dilemma |url=https://circumcisionthepainfuldilemma.wordpress.com/ |work= |editor=[[Ulf Dunkel]] |edition=Second Edition, Revised |volume= |chapter=Infection |scope= |page=266 |pages= |location= |publisher=Kindle |ISBN=23: 979-8683021252 |quote= |accessdate=2023-08-31 |note=}}</ref> The open wound does not heal immediatelyand is exposed to the feces (poop) in the diaper (nappie). For a period of time during and after the surgery it is subject to invasion by a wide variety of bacterial, viral, or fungal pathogens.<ref name="williams1993">{{REFjournal

}}</ref> <ref name="krill2011">{{REFjournal |last=Krill |first=Aaron J. |init= |author-link= |last2=Palmer |first2=Lane S. |init2= |author2-link= |last3=Palmer |first3=Jeffrey S. |init3= |author3-link= |etal= |title=Complications of circumcision |trans-title= |language= |journal= ScientificWorldJournal |location= |date=2011-12-26 |volume=11 |issue= |article= |page= |pages=2458-68 |url=https://www.hindawi.com/journals/tswj/2011/373829/ |archived= |quote= |pubmedID=22235177 |pubmedCID=3253617 |DOI=https://doi.org/10.1100/2011/373829 |accessdate=2022-01-28}}</ref>

Maternity hospitals gather together newborn infants into a hospital nursery where they are cared for, which increases the risk of passing infection from one to the others. If an infant is compromised by an open surgical wound, then that infant is more likely to become at greater risk of becoming infected. Male infants in America, where non-therapeutic infant [[circumcision is ]] remains popular, are more likely to be become infected than female infants. ''Staphylococcus aureus'' is a common infection and is worse when a methicillin resistant strain ([https://www.cdc.gov/mrsa/index.html MRSA]) is involved. Thompson et al. (1966) reported a higher risk of ''staphylococcus '' infection in newborn [[circumcised ]] males.<ref name="thompson1966">{{REFjournal

Cleary & Kohl (1979) reported the case of a six-week old infant boy who was circumcised in his mother's physician's office. Infection with streptococcus developed. The boy was hospitalized, but even with the best of antibiotic and other treatment, [[death]] resulted. The authors stated:<blockquote> Significant infection is rarely solely attributed to circumcision because a clear-cut cause and effect relationship is difficult to establish. There have been reports of newborns5-7 who have been circumcised and then developed life threatening infection within several days of this procedure. However, the fact that in these infants infection has occurred at an age when the incidence of infection is high due to other factors complicates interpretation of these reports.<ref name="cleary1979">{{REFjournal

}} Example</ref></blockquote>

Professor [[L. Emmett Holt]] (1913) reported 41 cases of tuberculosis in ritually [[circumcised ]] boys who had been infected by tubercular [[Mohel| mohels]], of whom 16 had died at the time of writing.<ref>{{REFjournal

  [[Category:TermMedical term]]