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Expectations of appearance are socially or culturally determined. Parents may seek [[circumcision]] for social or cultural reasons since all claimed medical or prophylactic benefits have been disproved. [[Intact]] adult males may seek [[Adolescent and adult circumcision| circumcision]] to conform to a perceived cultural norm.
Every circumcision is an intentional injury to the [[penis]] and results in loss of various functions.<ref name="cold1999">{{ColdCJ TaylorJR 1999}}</ref> The extent of the injury is increased by greater excision of tissue, however revised circumcisions are still sought for cosmetic appearance.<ref>{{REFjournal |last=Fekete |first=Ferenc |init= |author-link= |last2=Török |first2=Alexander |init2= |author2-link= |last3=Nyirády |first3=Peter |init3= |author3-link= |etal=no |title=Revisions after unsatisfactory adult circumcisions |trans-title= |language= |journal=Int Urol Nephrol |location= |date=2011-06 |volume=43 |issue=2 |article= |page= |pages=431-5 |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs11255-010-9820-x |archived= |quote= |pubmedID=20878472 |pubmedCID= |DOI=10.1007/s11255-010-9820-x |accessdate=2022-01-22}}</ref>
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