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moved ICCPR section to own article
The General Assembly adopted the ''Convention on the Rights of the Child'' ([[UN-CRC]]) in 1989 (Twenty-two years later). The [[UN-CRC]] does not include certain rights of children that were already protected by the ICCPR.
==Application of the ICCPR to non-therapeutic circumcision of children== Articles 1, 7, 9, and 24 are applicable to male and female non-therapeutic circumcision of children. Each nation that is a state-party under the ICCPR, which took effect in 1976, pledges to enforce those rights for its citizens. ====Article one====Article one provides in part:1. All peoples have the right of self-determination, "By virtue of that right they freely determine their political status and freely pursue their economic, social and cultural development. Self-determination is the right to decide for one's self. This provides for [[genital autonomy]], which is the right to decide for one's self if one's genitals are to be surgically altered. See [[Genital autonomy]] is provided by delaying a nonInternational_Covenant_on_Civil_and_Political_Rights#Application_of_the_ICCPR_to_non-therapeutic surgical operation on a child until the child is of age at which he or she can decide for one's self.====Article two====1. Each State Party to the present Covenant undertakes to respect and to ensure to all individuals within its territory and subject to its jurisdiction the rights recognized in the present Covenant, without distinction of any kind, such as race, colour, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or other status. 2. Where not already provided for by existing legislative or other measures, each State Party to the present Covenant undertakes to take the necessary steps, in accordance with its constitutional processes and with the provisions of the present Covenant, to adopt such laws or other measures as may be necessary to give effect to the rights recognized in the present Covenant. 3. Each State Party to the present Covenant undertakestherapeutic_circumcision_of_children|ICCPR:<br>a. To ensure that any person whose rights or freedoms as herein recognized are violated shall have an effective remedy, notwithstanding that the violation has been committed by persons acting in an official capacity;<br>b. To ensure that any person claiming such a remedy shall have his right thereto determined by competent judicial, administrative or legislative authorities, or by any other competent authority provided for by the legal system Application of the State, and to develop the possibilities of judicial remedy;<br>c. To ensure that the competent authorities shall enforce such remedies when granted. ====Article seven====Article 7 provides:<blockquote>No one shall be subjected to torture or to cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment. In particular, no one shall be subjected without his free consent to medical or scientific experimentation.</blockquote> Non-therapeutic circumcision of children is cruel because it permanently deprives the victim of the optimum sexual function and pleasure for all of his life. It is degrading because it amputates a portion of the penis and renders it less functional. ====Article nine====Article 9 provides:<blockquote>Everyone has the right ICCPR to liberty and security of person.</blockquote> Security of person is the right to bodily integrity. Bodily integrity is compromised when part of the penis is amputated, so non-therapeutic circumcision of non-consenting children violates this provision of international law. ====Article twenty-four====Article 24 provides:<blockquote>Every child shall have, without any discrimination as to race, colour, sex, language, religion, national or social origin, property or birth, the right to such measures of protection as are required by his status as a minor, on the part of his family, society and the State.</blockquote> When a child is denied protection from harmful, tissue-removing, non-therapeutic circumcision, this right is violated]].''
==Specific children's rights applicable to non-therapeutic circumcision==