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# Mayan et al. (2021) carried out a massive empirical study of the male population of the province of Ontario, [[Canada]] (569,950 males), of whom 203,588 (35.7%) were circumcised between 1991 and 2017. The study concluded that circumcision status is not related to risk of [[HIV]] infection.<ref name="mayan2021">{{REFjournal |last=Mayan |first=Madhur |init= |author-link= |last2=Hamilton |first2=Robert J. |init2= |author2-link= |last3=Juurlink |first3=David N. |init3= |author3-link= |last4=Austin |first4=Peter C. |init4= |author4-link= |last5=Jarvi |first5=Keith A. |init5= |author5-link= |etal=no |title=Circumcision and Risk of HIV Among Males From Ontario, Canada |trans-title= |language= |journal=J Urol |location= |date=2021-09-23 |volume= |issue= |article= |page= |pages= |url=https://www.auajournals.org/doi/pdf/10.1097/JU.0000000000002234 |archived= |quote=We found that circumcision was not independently associated with the risk of acquiring HIV among men from Ontario, Canada. |pubmedID=34551593 |pubmedCID= |DOI=10.1097/JU.0000000000002234 |accessdate=2021-11-20}}</ref># [[Morten Frisch]] and Jacob Simonsen (2021) carried out a large scale empirical population study in [[Denmark]] of 855,654 males regarding the alleged value of male circumcision in preventing [[HIV]] and other sexually transmitted infections in men. They found that circumcised men have a higher rate of STI and [[HIV]] infection overall than intact men.<ref name="frisch2021">{{FrischM SimonsenJ 2021}}</ref> There now is credible evidence that the massive, expensive African circumcision programs have ''not'' been effective in preventing [[HIV]] infection. ==Criticism==
using Template:Population-based studies
|ref=<ref>Levels and Spread of HIV Seroprevalence and Associated Factors: Evidence from National Household Surveys [http://www.measuredhs.com/pubs/pdf/CR22/CR22.pdf (February 2009)]</ref>
}}
== Population-based studies ==
Two separate very-large-scale population based studies found no relationship between circumcision status and the risk of contracting [[HIV]] infection:
{{Population-based studies}}
The [[VMMC Experience Project]] has published a massive, illustrated 153-page report on VMMC in Africa for the United Nations.<ref name="fish2019">{{REFdocument