Changes

When the Circumstraint was introduced medical doctor doctors absurdly and bizarrely believed that newborn infants could not feel [[pain]]. <ref name="cope1998">{{REFjournal |last=Cope |init=DK |author-link= |title=Neonatal pain: the evolution of an idea. |journal=The American Association of Anesthesiologists Newsletter |date=1998-09 |volume= |issue= |pages= |url= |accessdate=2022-10-28}}</ref> Circumcision were carried out without any kind of pain relief, analgesia, or sedation. The surgical amputation of the highly sensitive [[foreskin]] was done with a wide awake non-anesthetized infant, who would do his best to escape from the intense pain of amputative surgery, so a restraint device was needed so that no greater harm physical injury was done to the infant than the intended harm injury of the foreskin amputation. It is now known that infant boys feel [[pain]] fully and more intensely than adults.<ref name="anand1987">{{REFjournal |last=Anand |init=KJS |author-link= |last2=Hickey |init2=PR |author2-link= |etal=yes |title=Pain and its effects in the human neonate and fetus |journal=N Engl J Med |location= |date=1987-11-19 |volume=317 |issue=21 |pages=1321-9 |url=http://www.cirp.org/library/pain/anand/ |archived= |quote= |pubmedID=3317037 |pubmedCID= |DOI=10.1056/NEJM198711193172105 |accessdate=2022-10-28}}</ref> It is dangerous to give infants general anesthesia, so the only possible pain relief is local nerve block, which is now recommended if a [[circumcision]] is to be done. These are of doubtful efficacy because of multiple nerve pathways in the [penis]], so baby boys still kick and scream, making the Circumstraint still necessary if a [[circumcision]] is to be done. Parents are reminded that infant circumcision is a unnecessary, non-therapeutic surgical amputation that does not cure or prevent disease.