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=== Organizations in Africa ===
After three randomized controlled trials designed to collect experimental evidence of a causal relationship between lack of circumcision and [[HIV]], the WHO and the Joint United Nations Programme on [[HIV]]/[[AIDS]] (UNAIDS) stated that male circumcision is an efficacious intervention for [[HIV]] prevention but should be carried out by well trained medical professionals and under conditions of [[informed consent]] (parents consent for their infant boys). Both the [[WHO ]] and [[CDC ]] indicate that [[circumcision ]] may not reduce [[HIV]] transmission from men to women, and that data is lacking for the transmission rate of men who engage in anal sex with a female partner. The joint WHO/UNAIDS recommendation also notes that circumcision only provides partial protection from [[HIV]] and should never replace known methods of [[HIV]] prevention.
Some earlier reports had expressed the position that circumcision has little to no effect on [[HIV]] transmission among heterosexual couples. Furthermore, some have challenged the validity of the African randomized controlled trials, prompting a number of researchers to question the effectiveness of circumcision as an [[HIV]] prevention strategy.