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|note=
→Is circumcision itself violence?: Add text and citation.
|format=
|quote=
}}</ref> and also by the extreme [[Pain| pain and trauma]] that it inflicts. Ramos & Boyle (2001) studied the psychological effects of [[circumcision]] on Filippino Filipino boys. They reported that sixty-nine percent of traditionally circumcised boys and fifty-one percent of medically [[circumcised]] boys met the criteria for a diagnosis of post-traumatic stress disorder ([[PTSD]]).<ref name="ramos-boyle2001">{{REFbook
|last=Ramos
|first=Samuel
|isbn=
|quote=
|accessdate=2022-11-05
|note=
}}</ref>
Famed trauma expert [https://besselvanderkolk.net/index.html Bessell van der Kolk, M. D.] (1989) reported that traumatized persons tend to repeat the trauma on themselves or others, resulting in harm to others, harm to self, or being re-victimized. He writes:
<blockquote>
Some traumatized people remain preoccupied with the trauma at the expense of other life experiences and continue to re-create it in some form for themselves or for others.<ref name="vanderkolk1989">{{REFjournal
|last=van der Kolk
|first=Bessell
|init=B
|author-link=
|etal=no
|title=The compulsion to repeat the trauma: re-enactment, revictimization, and masochism
|journal=Psychiatr Clin North Am
|location=
|date=1989-06
|volume=12
|issue=2
|pages=389-411
|url=http://www.cirp.org/library/psych/vanderkolk/
|quote=
|pubmedID=2664732
|pubmedCID=
|DOI=
|accessdate=2019-12-08
}}</ref>
</blockquote>
Lloyd De Mause (1996) argued that early trauma results in aggressive adult behavior.<ref name="demause1996">{{REFjournal
|last=deMause
|first=Lloyd