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→Psychic circumcision trauma: Add text and citations.
===Psychic circumcision trauma===
Although a [[circumcision]] may be performed at any age, circumcisions are most commonly performed on newborn boys in the first month of life outside of the mother's womb. At that tender age general anesthesia is too dangerous to administer, so newborn boys receive only minimal [[pain]] relief at best and, in many cases, none at all.
[[circumcised]] boys had a higher pain response at time of vaccination six months later as compared with [[intact]] boys,<ref name="taddio"1995">{{REFjournal
|last=Taddio
|init=A
|first=Anna
|author-link=
|last2=Goldbach
|init2=M
|first2=Morton
|author2-link=
|last3=Ipp
|init3=M
|first3=Moshe
|author3-link=
|last4=Stevens
|init4=S
|first4=Bonnie
|author4-link=
|last5=Koren
|init5=G
|first5=Gideon
|author5-link=
|etal=no
|title=Effect of neonatal circumcision on pain responses during vaccination in boys
|journal=Lancet
|location=
|date=1995
|volume=344
|issue=
|pages=291-2
|url=http://www.cirp.org/library/pain/taddio/
|archived=
|quote=
|pubmedID=7837863
|pubmedCID=
|DOI=10.1016/s0140-6736(95)90278-3
|accessdate=2020-11-10
}}</ref><ref name="taddio1997">{{REFjournal
|last=Taddio
|init=A
|first=Anna
|author-link=
|last2=Katz
|init2=J
|first2=Joel
|author2-link=
|last3=Ilersich
|init3=AL
|first3=A. Lane
|author3-link=
|last4=Gideon
|init4=K
|first4=Koren
|author4-link=
|etal=no
|title=Effect of neonatal circumcision on pain response during subsequent routine vaccination
|journal=Lancet
|location=
|date=1997-03-01
|volume=342
|issue=9052
|pages=599-603
|url=https://yorkspace.library.yorku.ca/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10315/7941/KAT036.pdf?sequence=1&origin=publication_detail
|archived=
|quote=
|pubmedID=9057731
|pubmedCID=
|DOI=10.1016/S0140-6736(96)10316-0
|accessdate=2020-11-11
}}</ref> showing that the nervous system had been permanently sensitized to heightened pain sensation.
Taddio et al. (1997) concluded:
{{Citation
|Text=Although postsurgical central sensitisation (allodynia and hyperalgesia) can extend to sites of the body distal from the wound, suggesting a supraspinal effect, the long-term consequences of surgery done without anaesthesia are likely to include post-traumatic stress as well as pain. It is, therefore, possible that the greater vaccination response in the infants circumcised without anaesthesia may represent an <u>infant analogue of a post-traumatic stress disorder</u> triggered by a traumatic and painful event and re-experienced under similar circumstances of pain during vaccination.
|Author=Taddio et al. (1997)
|ref=<ref name="taddio1997"/>
}}
<!-- {{SEEALSO}} -->