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==Circumcision trauma==
Circumcision trauma includes ''both'' physical trauma and psychic trauma.<ref name="boyle2002">{{BoyleGJ GoldmanR SvobodaJS FernandezE 2002}}</ref>
===Physical circumcision trauma===
Circumcision, more properly described as ''posthectomy'', is the surgical excision and amputation of the foreskin of the penis, which permanently removes a significant portion of the epithelium of the penis and destroys the significant and important [[Foreskin#Protective_functions| protective]], [[Foreskin#Immunological_functions| immunological]], [[Foreskin#Sexual_functions| sexual]], and [[Foreskin#Sexual_behavior| sensory]] physiological functions of that structure, and leaves the patient permanently and irreversibly impaired by the loss of those functions.<ref name="cold-taylor1999">{{ColdCJ TaylorJR 1999}}</ref>
===Psychic circumcision trauma===
The medical community has been slow to recognize the trauma of circumcision.<ref name="goldman1999">{{REFjournal
|last=Goldman
|first=
|init=R
|author-link=
|etal=no
|title=The psychological impact of circumcision
|trans-title=
|language=
|journal=BJU Int
|location=
|date=1999-01-01
|season=
|volume=83 Suppl. 1
|issue=
|article=
|page=
|pages=93-103
|url=http://www.cirp.org/library/psych/goldman1/
|archived=
|quote=
|pubmedID=10349420
|pubmedCID=
|DOI=10.1046/j.1464-410x.1999.0830s1093.x
|accessdate=2022-11-14
}}</ref>
Although a [[circumcision]] may be performed at any age, circumcisions are most commonly performed on newborn boys in the first month of life outside of the mother's womb. At that tender age general anesthesia is too dangerous to administer, so newborn boys receive only minimal [[pain]] relief at best and, in many cases, none at all.
{{SEEALSO}}
* [[Pain]]
* [[Ronald Goldman Testifies On Circumcision Trauma At Historic PACE Hearing]]
{{LINKS}}
* {{REFweb