Changes

Removal of the foreskin permanently exposes the [[glans penis]], tightens the residual [[shaft skin]] and reduces or eliminates gliding action. It also results in [[keratinization]] or callousing of the [[glans penis]] because of chafing and abrasion from clothing, leading to loss of sensation. Removal of the [[foreskin]] can lead to [[trauma]] of the penis (friction irritation) during [[masturbation]] due to the loss of the gliding action of the foreskin and greater friction, requiring the need of artificial lubrication. During sex, the loss of gliding action is also thought to cause pain, dryness, and trauma to the [[vagina]] of the female partner.<ref name="warren-bigelow"/> The [[trauma]] and abrasions of the vagina can lead to easier entry of [[Circumcision and STDs| sexually transmitted diseases]].<ref name="Bullough2014">{{REFbook