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Add pain section.
}}</ref>
</blockquote>
== Research into pain of circumcision ==
Canada has the the location of important research regarding the [[pain]] of circumcision.
Lander et al. (1997) conducted a comparison neonatal non-therapeutic circumcision without anesthesia (current practice in 1997), ring block, dorsal penile nerve block, and a topical eutectic mixture of local anesthetics ([[EMLA]]).<ref name="lander1997">{{REFjournal
|last=Lander
|init=J
|first=Janice
|author-link=
|last2=Brady-Frerer
|init2=B
|first2=Barbara
|author2-link=
|last3=Metcalfe
|init3=JB
|first3=James B.
|author3-link=
|last4=Nazerali
|init4=S
|first4=Shermin
|author4-link=
|last5=Muttit
|init5=S
|first5=Sarah
|author5-link=
|etal=no
|title= Comparison of ring block, dorsal penile nerve block, and topical anesthesia for neonatal circumcision
|journal=JAMA
|location=
|date=1997-12-24
|volume=278
|issue=24
|pages=2157-64
|url=http://www.cirp.org/library/pain/lander/
|archived=
|quote=
|pubmedID=9417009
|pubmedCID=
|DOI=
|accessdate=2020-11-10
}}</ref>
With no anesthesia, the infants screamed continuously. Newborns in the untreated placebo group exhibited homogeneous responses that consisted of sustained elevation of heart rate and high pitched cry throughout the [[circumcision]] and following. Two newborns in the placebo group became ill following circumcision (choking and apnea). One experienced projectile vomiting.<ref name="lander1997" />
[[EMLA]] was the least effective pain control. Dorsal penile nerve block (DPNB) was more effective, and ring block was the most effective. The authors reported "[w]ithout exception, newborns in this study who did not receive an analgesic suffered great distress during and following the circumcision, and they were exposed to unnecessary risk (from choking or apnea)." The authors were so alarmed that they terminated the no anesthesia arm of the study early.<ref name="lander1997" />
==Reported incidence of non-therapeutic child circumcision==