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→Research into pain of circumcision: Add text and citation.
[[EMLA]] was the least effective pain control. Dorsal penile nerve block (DPNB) was more effective, and ring block was the most effective. The authors reported "[w]ithout exception, newborns in this study who did not receive an analgesic suffered great distress during and following the circumcision, and they were exposed to unnecessary risk (from choking or apnea)." The authors were so alarmed that they terminated the no anesthesia arm of the study early.<ref name="lander1997" />
Taddio et al. (1997), working at the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, concluded:
{{Citation
|Text=Although postsurgical central sensitisation (allodynia and hyperalgesia) can extend to sites of the body distal from the wound, suggesting a supraspinal effect, the long-term consequences of surgery done without anaesthesia are likely to include post-traumatic stress as well as pain. It is, therefore, possible that the greater vaccination response in the infants circumcised without anaesthesia may represent an <u>infant analogue of a post-traumatic stress disorder</u> triggered by a traumatic and painful event and re-experienced under similar circumstances of pain during vaccination.
|Author=Taddio et al. (1997)
|ref=<ref name="taddio1997">{{TaddioA KatzJ IlersichAL KorenG 1997}}</ref>
}}
==Reported incidence of non-therapeutic child circumcision==