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→Research into pain of circumcision: Wikify.
== Research into pain of circumcision ==
Canada has been the the location of important research regarding the [[pain]] of circumcision.
Lander et al. (1997) conducted a comparison of neonatal non-therapeutic circumcision without anesthesia (current practice in 1997), ring block, dorsal penile nerve block, and a topical eutectic mixture of local anesthetics ([[EMLA]]) at the {{UNI|University of Alberta|UAlberta}}, Edmonton, AB.<ref name="lander1997">{{REFjournal
}}</ref>
With no anesthesiaanaesthesia, the infants screamed continuously. Newborns in the untreated placebo group exhibited homogeneous responses that consisted of sustained elevation of heart rate and high pitched cry throughout the [[circumcision]] and following. Two newborns in the placebo group became ill following circumcision (choking and apnea). One experienced projectile vomiting.<ref name="lander1997" />
[[EMLA]] was the least effective pain control. Dorsal penile nerve block (DPNB) was more effective, and ring block was the most effective. The authors reported "[w]ithout exception, newborns in this study who did not receive an analgesic suffered great distress during and following the circumcision, and they were exposed to unnecessary risk (from choking or apnea)." The authors were so alarmed that they terminated the no anesthesia arm of the study early.<ref name="lander1997" />
Taddio et al. (1997), working at the [https://www.sickkids.ca/ Hospital for Sick Children], Toronto, {{CAPTC|ON}}, concluded:
{{Citation
|Text=Although postsurgical central sensitisation (allodynia and hyperalgesia) can extend to sites of the body distal from the wound, suggesting a supraspinal effect, the long-term consequences of surgery done without anaesthesia are likely to include post-traumatic stress as well as pain. It is, therefore, possible that the greater vaccination response in the infants circumcised without anaesthesia anesthesia may represent an <u>infant analogue of a post-traumatic stress disorder</u> triggered by a traumatic and painful event and re-experienced under similar circumstances of pain during vaccination.
|Author=Taddio et al. (1997)
|ref=<ref name="taddio1997">{{TaddioA KatzJ IlersichAL KorenG 1997}}</ref>