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→Behavioral effects of unanesthetized infant circumcision: Revise text.
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Marshall et al. (1982) studied the effect of [[circumcision ]] on mother-child interaction (primarily breastmilk substitute feeding behavior) in a hospital setting. They reported: "The experimental group exhibited fewer intervals of uninterrupted feeding than did the control group."<ref name="marshall1982">{{REFjournal
|last=Marshall
|init=RE
}}</ref>
Porter et al. (1988) recorded the cries of boys undergoing non-therapeutic child circumcision. They found that the pitch of the cries increased as stress ([[euphemism]] for [[pain]]) increases.<ref name="porter1988">{{REFjournal
|last=Porter
|first=Fran Lang
}}</ref>
The research reported in this section clearly establish the the distress shown by male infants during unanesthetized circumcision does not come from being restrained, that infants feel extreme pain, that sucking on a pacifier does not reduce pain, although it may reduce crying, and that neonatal non-therapeutic [[circumcision ]] is traumatic for the child.
==Trauma of circumcision==