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'''Adverse Childhood Experiences''' (ACEs) harm children's developing brains. They lead to changing how children respond to [http://www.cirp.org/library/pain/gunnar/ stress] and damaging their immune systems so profoundly that the effects show up decades later. ACEs cause much of our chronic disease burden, most mental illness, and are at the root of violence.<ref>{{REFweb |url=http://adversechildhoodexperiences.net/about-aces.html |title=What Are ACEs? |last= |first= |init= |publisher=HCHEQ |date=2019 |accessdate=2023-08-06 }}</ref>
Involuntary childhood genital cutting—including female genital mutilation, gender-norming surgery of [[intersex]] children, and male [[circumcision]]—is [[Pain| painful and traumatic]] and has been found to permanently alter individuals' sexuality, and to have other lifelong consequences.<ref name="bollinger2023">{{REFjournal
ACEs have a dose-response relationship with many health problems. That is, as the number of ACEs accumulates, the greater the health risks to the individual.
ACEs come from the CDC-Kaiser Adverse Childhood Experiences Study, a groundbreaking public health study that discovered that childhood [[trauma]] leads to the adult onset of chronic diseases, depression and other mental illness, violence and being a victim of violence, as well as financial and social problems.<ref>{{REFjournal |lastname=Ferlitti |first=Vincent J. |init=VJ |author-link= |last2=Anda |first2=Robert F. |init2=RF |author2-link= |last3=Nordenberg |first3=Dale |init3=D |author3-link= |etal=yes |title=Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults |trans-title= |language= |journal=Am J of Prev Med |location= |date=1998-05 |volume=14 |issue=4 |pages=245-58 |url=https://www.ajpmonline.org/article/S0749-3797(98)00017-8/pdf |quote= |pubmedID=9635069 |pubmedCID= |DOI=https://doi.org/10.1016/S0749-3797(98)00017-8 |accessdate=2019-12-07}}<"felitti1998" /ref>
{{SEEALSO}}
* [[Circumcision and violence]]