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→Nervous system injury: Add text and citation.
|doi=
|accessdate=2023-08-06
}}</ref> Fitzgerald & Walker (2002) described the effect of pain on developing nerve pathways.<ref>{{REFbook |last=Fitzgerald |first= |init=M |author-link= |last2=Walker |first2= |init2=S |author2-link= |year= |title=The role of activity in developing pain pathways. |url=https://www.cirp.org/library/pain/fitzgerald2/ |work=Proceedings of the 10th World Congress on Pain |editor= |edition= |volume=24 |chapter= |scope= |page= |pages=185-96 |location=Seattle |publisher=IASP Press |ISBN= |quote= |accessdate=2023-08-07 |note=}}</ref>They lead to changing how children respond to [http://www.cirp.org/library/pain/gunnar/ stress] and damaging their immune systems so profoundly that the effects show up decades later. ACEs cause much of our chronic disease burden, most mental illness, and are at the root of violence.<ref>{{REFweb
|url=http://adversechildhoodexperiences.net/about-aces.html
|title=What Are ACEs?
|accessdate=2023-08-06
}}</ref>
==Classification of genital cutting==
Involuntary childhood genital cutting—including female genital mutilation, gender-norming surgery of [[intersex]] children, and male [[circumcision]]—is [[Pain| painful]] and [[Trauma| traumatic]] and has been found to permanently alter individuals' sexuality, and to have other lifelong consequences.<ref name="bollinger2023">{{REFjournal