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}}</ref> Circumcision is a surgical operation and [[amputation]] that creates an open surgical wound on the [[penis]]. Rosemary Romberg (2021) described infection as a "fairly common complication."<ref name="romberg2021">{{REFbook |last=Romberg |first=Rosemary |init= |author-link=Rosemary Romberg |year=2021 |title=Circumcision — The Painful Dilemma |url=https://circumcisionthepainfuldilemma.wordpress.com/ |work= |editor=[[Ulf Dunkel]] |edition=Second Edition, Revised |volume= |chapter=Infection |scope= |page=266 |pages= |location= |publisher=Kindle |ISBN=23: 979-8683021252 |quote= |accessdate=2023-08-31 |note=}}</ref> The open wound does not heal immediately. For a period of time during and after the surgery it is subject to invasion by a wide variety of bacterial, viral, or fungal pathogens.<ref name="williams1993">{{REFjournal