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|accessdate=2022-01-08
}}</ref>
The human [[foreskin]] has numerous functions that protect against infection.<ref>{{REFjournal
|last=Fleiss
|first=
|init=PM
|author-link=Paul M. Fleiss
|last2=Hodges
|first2=
|init2=FM
|author2-link=Frederick M. Hodges
|last3=Van Howe
|first3=
|init3=RS
|author3-link=Robert S. Van Howe
|etal=no
|title=Immunological Functions of the Human Prepuce.
|trans-title=
|language=
|journal=Sex Trans Inf
|location=
|date=1998-10
|volume=74
|issue=5
|article=
|page=
|pages=364-7
|url=https://www.galdef.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/Fleiss-Hodges-VanHowe-Immunol-SexTransInf-1998.pdf
|archived=
|quote=
|pubmedID=
|pubmedCID=
|DOI=
|doi=
|format=PDF
|accessdate=2025-11-08
}}</ref> <ref name="cold-taylor1999">{{ColdCJ TaylorJR 1999}}</ref> Infection is a well-known possible complication of circumcision. [[Circumcised]] males have an increased risk of infection due to the creation of an open wound and the loss of the protective functions of the foreskin.
==Informed consent==
When American surgeons are seeking [[informed consent]] for the [[amputation]] of the [[foreskin]], they [[Informed_consent#Physician_behavior| customarily omit information]] about the [[immunological and protective function of the foreskin]], and which will be destroyed and will result in increased risk of infection, from the information provided to parents.
==Circumcision infection==
|DOI=10.1038/s41443-021-00502-y
|accessdate=2022-02-02
}}</ref> Circumcision is a surgical operation and [[amputation]] that creates an open surgical wound on the [[penis]]that is kept inside a feces-laden diaper. [[Rosemary Romberg]] (2021) described infection as a "fairly common complication."<ref name="romberg2021">{{REFbook
|last=Romberg
|first=Rosemary
}}</ref>
[[Robert S. Van Howe|Van Howe]] & Robson (2007) examined reports of three outbreaks of community-associated methicillin-resistant ''Staphylococcus aureus'' (CA-MRSA) in American maternity hospital nurseries. They found that boys, with 73 percent of the cases, are at greater risk due to the prevalence of non-therapeutic [[circumcision]]. The authors, observed that CA-MRSA can progress to bacteremia, osteomyelitis, pyelonephritis, perinephric abscess, lung abscess, empyema, [[shock]], and [[death]]. They suggested minimizing newborn circumcisions to reduce the risk of infection.<ref name="vanhowe2007">{{REFjournal
|last=Van Howe
|first=Robert S.
}}</ref>
Infant non-therapeutic circumcisions do not cure disease and do not contribute to health. <ref name="allissa2025-03-25">{{REFweb |url=https://intactamerica.org/post-circumcision-infections/ |title=The Risk of Infections Post-Circumcision: What They’re Not Telling You |last=Alissa |first= |init=K |author-link=Kristel Alissa |publisher=Intact America |date=2025-03-25 |accessdate=2025-03-27}}</ref> When infection occurs after a [[circumcision]] performed by a physician, then it may be considered to be [[iatrogenic]] as the infection would not have occurred if the circumcision had not been performed.
In cases of [[adolescent and adult circumcision| adult circumcision]], erections may cause [[wound dehiscence]] (splitting open of the surgical wound) thereby increasing the risk of infection.<ref name="kaplan1983">{{REFjournal
|url=http://adc.bmj.com/cgi/content/abstract/adc.2008.144063v1
}}</ref>
[[Urinary tract infection]] (UTI) is prevalent in [[Israel]] after [[Brit Milah| ritual circumcision]].<ref name="Goldman 1996" /> Toker et al. (2010) reported an incidence of [[UTI]] in Jewish boys of 24.7% as compared to girls with 8.4%.<ref name="toker2010">{{REFjournal
|last=Toker
|first=
|init=O
|author-link=
|last2=Schwartz
|first2=
|init2=S
|author2-link=
|last3=Segal
|first3=
|init3=G
|author3-link=
|last4=Godovitch
|first4=
|init4=N
|author4-link=
|last5=Schlesinger
|first5=
|init5=Y
|author5-link=
|last6=Raveh
|first6=
|init6=D
|author6-link=
|etal=no
|title=A costly covenant: ritual circumcision and urinary tract infection
|trans-title=
|language=
|journal=Isr Med Assoc J
|location=
|date=2010-05
|volume=12
|issue=5
|article=
|pages=262-5
|url=https://www.ima.org.il/FilesUploadPublic/IMAJ/0/39/19639.pdf
|archived=
|quote=
|pubmedID=20929075
|pubmedCID=
|DOI=
|doi=
|format=PDF
|accessdate=2025-11-08
}}</ref>
==Treatment==
The usual treatment of infection is with antibiotics.
{{SEEALSO}}
* [[Circumcision industry]]
* [[Fungal infection]]
* [[Jacob Sweet]]
{{LINKS}}
* {{REFweb
|trans-title=
|language=
|last=Anonymous
|first=
|author-link=
|quote=
}}
* {{REFweb |url=https://intactamerica.org/post-circumcision-infections/ |title=The Risk of Infections Post-Circumcision: What They’re Not Telling You |last=Alissa |first=Kristel |init= |author-link=Kristel Alissa |publisher=Intact America |date=2025-03-25 |accessdate=2025-04-22}}
{{REF}}