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In Christianity, circumcision is practiced only in Coptic churches. There is no general belief that circumcision is a requirement of Christianity.<ref name="hill2004">{{REFweb
|url=httphttps://www.cirp.org/pages/cultural/christian.php
|title=The Holy Bible, Circumcision, False Prophets, and Christian Parents
|last=Hill
====Arguments of prophylaxia====
Though the practice of ritual circumcision of males, both consenting and non-consenting, has existed for millenia, the search for "potential medical benefits" began relatively recently. {''Potential'' means to exist in possibility, but not in actuality, so a "''potential'' benefit" is not a genuine proven benefit.) The discussion of circumcision in the Ninth Edition of the ''Encyclopǽdia Britannica'' (1876) made no mention of any prophylactic, medical, or therapeutic value or function.<ref>{{REFweb
|url=httphttps://www.cirp.org/library/history/encyclopaediabritannica1876/
|title=Circumcision
|last=Cheyne
|year=1999
|title=Male and female circumcision: medical, legal, and ethical considerations in pediatric practice
|url=httphttps://www.cirp.org/library/anatomy/cold-mcgrath/
|work=
|editor=
|year=2001
|title=Medicine and the German Jews
|url=httphttps://www.cirp.org/library/history/ephron1/
|work=
|editor=
|issue=6
|pages=2332-4
|url=httphttps://www.cirp.org/library/complications/blalock1/
|accessdate=2019-11-07
}}</ref>, 2.9% of those circumcised develop a post-operative [[phimosis]], in which the circumcision scar constricts. In [[intact]] patients, the rate of [[phimosis]] is only 1% (see also the study by [[Jakob Øster]]). Therefore, circumcision is not a preventive measure for [[phimosis]].
|issue=
|pages=1052-7
|url=httphttps://www.cirp.org/library/general/laumann/
|accessdate=2019-11-06
}}</ref>, which found a higher rate of infection with bacterial venereal diseases in circumcised than in intact men.
|issue=3
|pages=686-93
|url=httphttps://www.cirp.org/library/statements/aap1999/
|accessdate=2019-11-15
}}</ref>
|issue=
|pages=1052-7
|url=httphttps://www.cirp.org/library/general/laumann/
|accessdate=2019-11-06
}}</ref>
|issue=8
|pages=552-5
|url=httphttps://www.cirp.org/library/disease/UTI/mccracken/
|accessdate=2019-11-19
}}</ref><ref>{{REFjournal
|issue=10
|pages=1231-6
|url=httphttps://www.cirp.org/library/complications/williams-kapila/
|quote=
|pubmedID=8242285
|issue=3
|pages=269-75
|url=httphttps://www.cirp.org/library/pain/gunnar/
|accessdate=2019-11-26
}}</ref>
|issue=
|pages=32-4
|url=httphttps://www.cirp.org/library/death/hiss1/
|accessdate=2019-11-06
}}</ref><ref>{{REFdocument
|issue=6
|pages=2332-4
|url=httphttps://www.cirp.org/library/complications/blalock1/
|accessdate=2019-11-26
}}</ref>, the prevalence is 2.9%, according to Leitch<ref>{{REFjournal
|issue=
|pages=59-65
|url=httphttps://www.cirp.org/library/general/leitch1/
|accessdate=2019-12-15
}}</ref> 5.5%.
|issue=4
|pages=367-74
|url=httphttps://www.cirp.org/library/birth/marshall2/
|accessdate=2020-02-01
}}</ref>, as well as problems with nurturing, up to the point of refusal to be fed. The sleeping habits of these babies were also disturbed, with prolonged non-REM sleep and increased waking.
|init=R
|author-link=Ronald Goldman
|url=httphttps://www.cirp.org/library/psych/goldman1/
|title=The psychological impact of circumcision
|journal=BJU Int
|last=Rhinehart
|init=J
|url=httphttps://www.cirp.org/library/psych/rhinehart1/
|title=Neonatal circumcision reconsidered
|journal=Transactional Analysis J
|init=G
|date=1965
|url=httphttps://www.cirp.org/library/psych/cansever/
|title=Psychological effects of circumcision
|journal=Brit. J. Med. Psychol
|first=David M.
|init=DM
|url=httphttps://www.cirp.org/library/psych/levy1/
|title=Psychic trauma of operations in children; and a note on combat neurosis
|journal=American Journal of Diseases of Children
|issue=21
|pages=1321-9
|url=httphttps://www.cirp.org/library/pain/anand/
|quote=
|pubmedID=3317037
}}</ref> This has led American health associations to recommend doctors take measures to reduce the pain of circumcision in infants.
The [httphttps://www.cirp.org/library/statements/aap1999/|AAP Circumcision Policy Statement] (1999) states quite clearly that ''"There is considerable evidence that newborns who are [[circumcised]] without analgesia experience pain and physiologic stress"''. Furthermore, the pain is quite severe, and requires injections for proper pain management. Sucrose and Acetaminophen ''"cannot be recommended as the sole method of analgesia"''. Topical cream is no longer thought sufficient as ''"the analgesic effect is limited during the phases associated with extensive tissue trauma such as...tightening of the clamp"''.<ref>{{REFjournal
|last=
|first=
}}</ref>
The [[AAFP]] (2002) states quite simply in their [httphttps://www.cirp.org/library/statements/aafp2002/| position paper], ''"Newborns experience pain during circumcision".''<ref>{{REFweb
|title=Circumcision: Position Paper on Neonatal Circumcision. Board Approved: August 2007 Reaffirmed
|website=Official American Academy of Family Physicians Website
|issue=3, Part 2
|pages=1105–6
|url=httphttps://www.cirp.org/library/psych/boyle5/
|quote=
|pubmedID=11597060
|issue=
|pages=307-14
|url=httphttps://www.cirp.org/library/legal/Re_J/2000.html
|accessdate=2019-10-12
}}</ref> (The National Health Service does not provide non-therapeutic circumcision.)
* {{REFweb
|url=httphttps://www.cirp.org/library/anatomy/garcia/
|title=What exactly is circumcision and what is it not?
|last=Garcia