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Created page with "{{Construction Site}} right|thumb|USAID In a February 2009 report produced by USAID, a U.S. government agency, researchers found that circumcised men were..."
{{Construction Site}}
[[Image:USAID.png|right|thumb|USAID]]
In a February 2009 report produced by USAID, a U.S. government agency, researchers found that circumcised men were more likely to have HIV in 10 of 18 (African) countries with data available.<ref name='CR22'>
{{citation
| coauthors = Mishra, Vinod, Amy Medley, Rathavuth Hong, Yuan Gu, and Bryant Robey.
| contribution = Levels and spread of HIV seroprevalence and associated factors: Evidence from national household surveys
| title = DHS Comparative Reports 22
| publisher = Macro International, Inc.
| year = 2009
| id =
| contribution-url = http://www.measuredhs.com/pubs/pdf/CR22/CR22.pdf
| accessdate = 2011-03-24
}}
</ref> The report found condom use, not circumcision, to be correlated with HIV status. Despite this report, USAID is listed as a contributing partner and a sponsor for the "[[Clearinghouse on Male Circumcision]] for HIV Prevention."<ref>
{{cite web
| url = http://www.malecircumcision.org/about/male_circumcision_partners.html
| title = Male Circumcision Clearinghouse: Partners and Contributors
| accessdate = 2011-03-24
| work = Clearinghouse for Male Circumcision on HIV Prevention
}}
</ref><ref name='kenya-circ-report'>
{{citation
| contribution = Progress Report on Kenya's Voluntary Medical Male Circumcision Programme
| title = National AIDS and STI Control Programme
| publisher = Government of Kenya
| date = July 2010
| year = 2010
| id =
| contribution-url = http://www.malecircumcision.org/documents/VMMCP_Report.pdf
| accessdate = 2011-03-24
}}
</ref>
== Circumcision Scale-Up ==
USAID has studied the "scale-up" of circumcision in Africa and shows support for circumcision in numerous places on its website.<ref name='usaid-circ-hiv-factsheet'>
{{cite web
| url = http://www.usaid.gov/our_work/global_health/aids/TechAreas/research/mcfactsheet.html
| title = Research: Male Circumcision and HIV Prevention
| accessdate = 2011-03-24
| publisher = USAID
}}
</ref><ref name='usaid-male-circ'>
{{cite web
| url = http://www.usaid.gov/our_work/global_health/aids/TechAreas/prevention/malecircumcision.html
| title = Male Circumcision
| accessdate = 2011-03-24
| publisher = USAID
}}
</ref><ref>
{{citation
| contribution = Male Circumcision: Current Epidemiological and Field Evidence
| title = Program and Policy Implications for HIV Prevention and Reproductive Health
| coeditors = S. Clark, I. Fua
| publisher = USAID/AIDSMark
| place = Washington, D.C.
| date = May 2003
| year = 2003
| id =
| contribution-url = http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNACS892.pdf
| accessdate = 2011-03-24
}}
</ref><ref name='usaid-hiv-circ'>
{{cite web
| url = http://blog.usaid.gov/2010/12/fighting-hiv-with-circumcision/
| title = Fighting HIV with Circumcision
| accessdate = 2011-03-24
| publisher = USAID
}}
</ref>
== Accelerated Saturation Initiative ==
In November 2010, USAID issued a "technical brief" on male circumcision as HIV prevention. In the report, USAID states that it is supporting Swaziland's "Accelerated Saturation Initiative" for circumcision by providing "implementation support together with the <small>[U.S.]</small> Department of Defense, the Peace Corps, and the U.S. [[Centers for Disease Control]] and Prevention (CDC)." The report goes on to say that USAID, along with [[UNAIDS]], is providing technical and financial assistance in the studying circumcision programs in 14 African countries.<ref>
{{citation
| contribution = Medical Male Circumcision and HIV Prevention
| title = Technical Issue Brief
| publisher = USAID
| date = November 2010
| id =
| contribution-url = http://www.usaid.gov/our_work/global_health/aids/TechAreas/prevention/medical_male_circumcision.pdf
| accessdate = 2011-03-25
}}
</ref>
== Voluntary Male Medical Circumcision ==
USAID's support of what they call the "[[Voluntary Medical Male Circumcision Program]]: VMMC" also focused on Kenya.<ref>
{{cite web
| url = http://kenya.usaid.gov/programs/health/77
| title = Kenya / HIV/AIDS
| accessdate = 2011-03-25
| work = USAID | quote = USAID/Kenya’s HIV/AIDS program is supported by the President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR). PEPFAR, a five-year, $48 billion program, is led by the U.S. Global AIDS Coordinator, in conjunction with USAID, the Department of Health and Human Services (including the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention), the Department of Defense (DOD), the U.S. Peace Corps, and the Department of State.
}}
</ref> USAID funded a VMMC based circumcision campaign propaganda video to air on television in South Africa.<ref>
{{cite web
| url = http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R8baq-d-Y5Q
| title = VMMC Soccer Videos from Kenya
| accessdate = 2011-04-28
| date = December 2010
| work = VMMC.m4v
| publisher = YouTube
}} Short video vignettes with a soccer theme that was field tested in communal video houses in Nyanza, Kenya during the 2010 World Cup Soccer broadcasts.
</ref>
== No Clear Pattern of Association ==
{{Quote box
|title = Levels and Spread of HIV Seroprevalence and Associated Factors: Evidence from National Household Surveys
|quote = There appears no clear pattern of association between male circumcision and HIV prevalence—in 8 of 18 countries with data, HIV prevalence is lower among circumcised men, while in the remaining 10 countries it is higher.
|source = <small>--Levels and Spread of HIV Seroprevalence and Associated Factors: Evidence from National Household Surveys [http://www.measuredhs.com/pubs/pdf/CR22/CR22.pdf (February 2009)]</small>
|align = left
|width = 55%
|quoted = yes
}}
<BR CLEAR="all">
== C-Change ==
A USAID-funded organization called "[[C-Change]]" in Kenya is supporting "Male Circumcision Communication Toolkits" with the stated goal of "Creating demand for VMMC (circumcision)" and "facilitating a scale-up of materials" and capacity to perform more circumcisions from the government of Kenya. One of the ways C-Change is creating demand is by spreading information stating that "VMMC" prevents STI's.<ref>
{{cite web
| url = http://c-changeprogram.org/where-we-work/kenya
| title = Kenya
| accessdate = 2011-03-25
| work = C-Change
| quote = ...[Male Circumcision] reduces risk for men...
}}
</ref><ref>
{{cite web
| url = http://c-changeprogram.org/news/c-change-develops-male-circumcision-toolkit-kenya
| title = C-Change Develops Male Circumcision Toolkit for Kenya
| accessdate = 2011-03-25
| quote = ...[Male Circumcision] reduces risk for men...
}}
</ref><ref name='C-Change 2010-10-01'>
{{cite web
| url = http://c-changeprogram.org/category/topics/male-circumcision
| title = Male Circumcision
| accessdate = 2011-03-25
| date = 2010-10-01
| publisher = C-Change
| quote = VMMC Communication Toolkit in Kenya
}}
</ref>
One issue of C-Change's publication included a study measuring media coverage of circumcision as HIV prevention and strategies for keeping media reports positive.<ref name='C-Channel 2009-12'>
{{cite web
| url = http://c-changeprogram.org/c-channel/issue15#5
| title = C-Channel Issue 15
| accessdate = 2011-03-25
| last = Wang
| first = AL a
| coauthors = Duke W b; Schmid GP b
| date = 2009-12
| work = Bulletin of the World Health Organization
| publisher = C-Change
| quote = Print media reporting of male circumcision for preventing HIV infection in sub-Saharan Africa
}}
</ref>
== PEPFAR ==
In September 2010, USAID, funded by the U.S. [[President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief|PEPFAR]] program, along with a partner, also donated 5,000 male circumcision kits to Zimbabwe.<ref name='Standard, The 2010-09-12'>
{{cite web
| url = http://www.thestandard.co.zw/local/26435-us-donates-5-000-male-circumcision-medical-kits.html
| title = US donates 5 000 male circumcision medical kits
| accessdate = 2011-03-25
| last = Correspondent
| first = Own
| date = 2010-09-12
| work = The Standard
}}
</ref>
==References==
<div class='references-small'>
<references/>
</div>
[[Category:Organizations]]
[[Category:Circumcision in Africa]]
[[Category:CircLeaks]]
[[Category:From IntactWiki]]
[[Category:Construction Site]]
[[Image:USAID.png|right|thumb|USAID]]
In a February 2009 report produced by USAID, a U.S. government agency, researchers found that circumcised men were more likely to have HIV in 10 of 18 (African) countries with data available.<ref name='CR22'>
{{citation
| coauthors = Mishra, Vinod, Amy Medley, Rathavuth Hong, Yuan Gu, and Bryant Robey.
| contribution = Levels and spread of HIV seroprevalence and associated factors: Evidence from national household surveys
| title = DHS Comparative Reports 22
| publisher = Macro International, Inc.
| year = 2009
| id =
| contribution-url = http://www.measuredhs.com/pubs/pdf/CR22/CR22.pdf
| accessdate = 2011-03-24
}}
</ref> The report found condom use, not circumcision, to be correlated with HIV status. Despite this report, USAID is listed as a contributing partner and a sponsor for the "[[Clearinghouse on Male Circumcision]] for HIV Prevention."<ref>
{{cite web
| url = http://www.malecircumcision.org/about/male_circumcision_partners.html
| title = Male Circumcision Clearinghouse: Partners and Contributors
| accessdate = 2011-03-24
| work = Clearinghouse for Male Circumcision on HIV Prevention
}}
</ref><ref name='kenya-circ-report'>
{{citation
| contribution = Progress Report on Kenya's Voluntary Medical Male Circumcision Programme
| title = National AIDS and STI Control Programme
| publisher = Government of Kenya
| date = July 2010
| year = 2010
| id =
| contribution-url = http://www.malecircumcision.org/documents/VMMCP_Report.pdf
| accessdate = 2011-03-24
}}
</ref>
== Circumcision Scale-Up ==
USAID has studied the "scale-up" of circumcision in Africa and shows support for circumcision in numerous places on its website.<ref name='usaid-circ-hiv-factsheet'>
{{cite web
| url = http://www.usaid.gov/our_work/global_health/aids/TechAreas/research/mcfactsheet.html
| title = Research: Male Circumcision and HIV Prevention
| accessdate = 2011-03-24
| publisher = USAID
}}
</ref><ref name='usaid-male-circ'>
{{cite web
| url = http://www.usaid.gov/our_work/global_health/aids/TechAreas/prevention/malecircumcision.html
| title = Male Circumcision
| accessdate = 2011-03-24
| publisher = USAID
}}
</ref><ref>
{{citation
| contribution = Male Circumcision: Current Epidemiological and Field Evidence
| title = Program and Policy Implications for HIV Prevention and Reproductive Health
| coeditors = S. Clark, I. Fua
| publisher = USAID/AIDSMark
| place = Washington, D.C.
| date = May 2003
| year = 2003
| id =
| contribution-url = http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNACS892.pdf
| accessdate = 2011-03-24
}}
</ref><ref name='usaid-hiv-circ'>
{{cite web
| url = http://blog.usaid.gov/2010/12/fighting-hiv-with-circumcision/
| title = Fighting HIV with Circumcision
| accessdate = 2011-03-24
| publisher = USAID
}}
</ref>
== Accelerated Saturation Initiative ==
In November 2010, USAID issued a "technical brief" on male circumcision as HIV prevention. In the report, USAID states that it is supporting Swaziland's "Accelerated Saturation Initiative" for circumcision by providing "implementation support together with the <small>[U.S.]</small> Department of Defense, the Peace Corps, and the U.S. [[Centers for Disease Control]] and Prevention (CDC)." The report goes on to say that USAID, along with [[UNAIDS]], is providing technical and financial assistance in the studying circumcision programs in 14 African countries.<ref>
{{citation
| contribution = Medical Male Circumcision and HIV Prevention
| title = Technical Issue Brief
| publisher = USAID
| date = November 2010
| id =
| contribution-url = http://www.usaid.gov/our_work/global_health/aids/TechAreas/prevention/medical_male_circumcision.pdf
| accessdate = 2011-03-25
}}
</ref>
== Voluntary Male Medical Circumcision ==
USAID's support of what they call the "[[Voluntary Medical Male Circumcision Program]]: VMMC" also focused on Kenya.<ref>
{{cite web
| url = http://kenya.usaid.gov/programs/health/77
| title = Kenya / HIV/AIDS
| accessdate = 2011-03-25
| work = USAID | quote = USAID/Kenya’s HIV/AIDS program is supported by the President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR). PEPFAR, a five-year, $48 billion program, is led by the U.S. Global AIDS Coordinator, in conjunction with USAID, the Department of Health and Human Services (including the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention), the Department of Defense (DOD), the U.S. Peace Corps, and the Department of State.
}}
</ref> USAID funded a VMMC based circumcision campaign propaganda video to air on television in South Africa.<ref>
{{cite web
| url = http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R8baq-d-Y5Q
| title = VMMC Soccer Videos from Kenya
| accessdate = 2011-04-28
| date = December 2010
| work = VMMC.m4v
| publisher = YouTube
}} Short video vignettes with a soccer theme that was field tested in communal video houses in Nyanza, Kenya during the 2010 World Cup Soccer broadcasts.
</ref>
== No Clear Pattern of Association ==
{{Quote box
|title = Levels and Spread of HIV Seroprevalence and Associated Factors: Evidence from National Household Surveys
|quote = There appears no clear pattern of association between male circumcision and HIV prevalence—in 8 of 18 countries with data, HIV prevalence is lower among circumcised men, while in the remaining 10 countries it is higher.
|source = <small>--Levels and Spread of HIV Seroprevalence and Associated Factors: Evidence from National Household Surveys [http://www.measuredhs.com/pubs/pdf/CR22/CR22.pdf (February 2009)]</small>
|align = left
|width = 55%
|quoted = yes
}}
<BR CLEAR="all">
== C-Change ==
A USAID-funded organization called "[[C-Change]]" in Kenya is supporting "Male Circumcision Communication Toolkits" with the stated goal of "Creating demand for VMMC (circumcision)" and "facilitating a scale-up of materials" and capacity to perform more circumcisions from the government of Kenya. One of the ways C-Change is creating demand is by spreading information stating that "VMMC" prevents STI's.<ref>
{{cite web
| url = http://c-changeprogram.org/where-we-work/kenya
| title = Kenya
| accessdate = 2011-03-25
| work = C-Change
| quote = ...[Male Circumcision] reduces risk for men...
}}
</ref><ref>
{{cite web
| url = http://c-changeprogram.org/news/c-change-develops-male-circumcision-toolkit-kenya
| title = C-Change Develops Male Circumcision Toolkit for Kenya
| accessdate = 2011-03-25
| quote = ...[Male Circumcision] reduces risk for men...
}}
</ref><ref name='C-Change 2010-10-01'>
{{cite web
| url = http://c-changeprogram.org/category/topics/male-circumcision
| title = Male Circumcision
| accessdate = 2011-03-25
| date = 2010-10-01
| publisher = C-Change
| quote = VMMC Communication Toolkit in Kenya
}}
</ref>
One issue of C-Change's publication included a study measuring media coverage of circumcision as HIV prevention and strategies for keeping media reports positive.<ref name='C-Channel 2009-12'>
{{cite web
| url = http://c-changeprogram.org/c-channel/issue15#5
| title = C-Channel Issue 15
| accessdate = 2011-03-25
| last = Wang
| first = AL a
| coauthors = Duke W b; Schmid GP b
| date = 2009-12
| work = Bulletin of the World Health Organization
| publisher = C-Change
| quote = Print media reporting of male circumcision for preventing HIV infection in sub-Saharan Africa
}}
</ref>
== PEPFAR ==
In September 2010, USAID, funded by the U.S. [[President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief|PEPFAR]] program, along with a partner, also donated 5,000 male circumcision kits to Zimbabwe.<ref name='Standard, The 2010-09-12'>
{{cite web
| url = http://www.thestandard.co.zw/local/26435-us-donates-5-000-male-circumcision-medical-kits.html
| title = US donates 5 000 male circumcision medical kits
| accessdate = 2011-03-25
| last = Correspondent
| first = Own
| date = 2010-09-12
| work = The Standard
}}
</ref>
==References==
<div class='references-small'>
<references/>
</div>
[[Category:Organizations]]
[[Category:Circumcision in Africa]]
[[Category:CircLeaks]]
[[Category:From IntactWiki]]
[[Category:Construction Site]]