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"Male '''circumcision''' (from Latin ''circumcidere'', meaning "to cut around") is the surgical removal or [[amputation]] of the [[foreskin]] (prepuce) part of the human [[penis]]. The foreskin comprises ''more than fifty percent'' of the epithelium of the penis.<ref name="taylor1996">{{TaylorJR LockwoodAP TaylorAJ 1996}}</ref> When the "cutting around" is performed, the foreskin falls off, so [[amputation]] and [[mutilation]] is the result. The amputation destroys the [[Foreskin#Physiological_functions| many protective, immunological, sexual, and sensory physiological functions]] of the foreskin, so it is a very harmful and [[Pain| painful]] surgery.
Cepeda-Emiliani et al. (2023) commented:
<blockquote>
Taking the sleve technique as an example of surgical flexibility during circumcision, to the extent that this technique is of such versatility that it allows highly variable quantities of cutaneous and subcutaneous tissue to be excised directly from the penile body, and to the extent that the prepuce is still conceived by segments of the medical community as "just a small piece of skin", we are concerned that aggressive circumcisions are intentionally or unintentionally being performed in pediatric and adult patients in the belief that "redundant" or " extra" tissue is being excised, or in the belief that "excesive sensitivity" is being reduced to augment ejaculatory latency time.<ref name="cepeda2023">{{REFjournal
|last=Cepeda-Emiliani
|first=
|init=A
|author-link=Alfonso Cepeda-Emiliani
|last2=Gándara-Cortés
|first2=
|init2=M
|author2-link=
|last3=Otero-Alén
|first3=
|init3=M
|author3-link=
|last4=García
|first4=
|init4=H
|author4-link=
|last5=Suárez-Quintanilla
|first5=
|init5=J
|author5-link=
|last6=García-Caballero
|first6=
|init6=T
|author6-link=
|last7=Gallego
|first7=
|init7=R
|author7-link=
|last8=García-Caballero
|first8=
|init8=R
|author8-link=
|etal=no
|title=Immunohistological study of the density and distribution of human penile neural tissue: gradient hypothesis
|trans-title=
|language=
|journal= Int J Impot Res
|location=
|date=2023-05-02
|volume=35
|issue=3
|article=
|page=
|pages=286-305
|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41443-022-00561-9
|archived=
|quote=
|pubmedID=35501394
|pubmedCID=
|DOI=10.1038/s41443-022-00561-9
|accessdate=2023-11-23
}}</ref>
</blockquote>
The un-anesthetized and un-sedated newborn infant is restrained by being strapped to a special plastic board called the [[circumstraint]]. The procedure is most often an elective, non-therapeutic surgery without [[medical indication]] performed on neonates and children for religious and cultural reasons in violation of the child's [[human rights]] to [[physical integrity]], but in older patients may be rarely indicated for therapeutic reasons. It is a radical treatment option for pathological [[phimosis]], refractory [[balanoposthitis]] and chronic [[urinary tract infection]]s (UTIs); it is contraindicated in cases of certain genital structure abnormalities or poor general health.