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==Disruption of blood circulation==
Male [[circumcision ]] frequently includes excision of the [[frenulum]], which carries the frenular artery.<ref>{{REFjournal
|last=Shenoy
|first=
|accessdate=2022-02-20
|note=
}}</ref> Moreover, the dorsal veins from the [[acroposthion]] are severed and excised by [[circumcision]]. This frequently results in post-circumcision [[lymphoedema]] due to the reduction in blood circulation. Ferhatoglu et al. (2019) reported edema in 108 of 198 patients or 54.5 percent, indicating substantial impairment of circulation.<ref>{{REFjournal
|last=Ferhatoglu
|first=
==Case reports==
Tzeng et al. (2004) reported the case of a 33-year-old man who experienceed ischemia of the [[glans penis ]] within 24 hours after a circumcision. He was treated with intravenous pentoxifyllin and hyperbaric oxygenation.<ref name="tzeng2004">{{REFjournal
|last=Tzeng
|first=Yuan-Sheng
}}</ref>
Aslan et al. (2005) reported the case of an eleven-year-old boy who experienced ischemia of the [[glans penis ]] within 24 hours of a [[circumcision]]. The boy was successfully treated with pentoxifylline injection for 5 days.<ref name="aslan2005">{{REFjournal
|last=Aslan
|first=Adnan
}}</ref>
Karaguzel et al. (2013) reported a case of ischemia of the [[glans penis ]] after [[circumcision ]] in a four-year-old boy. The boy was successfully treated with pentoxifylline.<ref>{{REFjournal
|last=Karaguzel
|first=
}}</ref>
Migliorini et al. (2018) reported a case of ischemia of the [[glans penis ]] after [[circumcision ]] in a 24-year-old male. The patient was successfully treated with hyperbaric oxygen therapy in combination with pentoxifylline.<ref>{{REFjournal
|last=Migliorini
|first=Fillipo
==Conclusion==
The medical literature has a number of reports of successful treatment of ischemia of the glans penis. But what of the cases in which treatment was not timely instituted and the case progressed to [[necrosis]] and gangrene of the [[glans penis]].
Ischemia of the glans penis after [[circumcision]] is not an act of God. It is an [[iatrogenic]] occurrence that happens when medical personnel intentionally sever blood vessels in the [[penis]] and reduce the blood circulation into and through the glans penis.
|accessdate=2022-02-20
}}</ref> Medical doctors should be aware than such cases may be viewed by a future court as malpractice.
The public is reminded that the usual infant [[circumcision]] does not treat or cure disease, because disease is not present. It is classified as without medical indication, non-therapeutic, and medically-unnecessary, but puts the patient at risk.
{{REF}}