Changes

In a February 2009 report produced by USAID, a U.S. government agency, researchers found that circumcised men were more likely to have HIV in 10 of 18 (African) countries with data available.<ref name='CR22'>{{citationREFnews | last= | first= | coauthors = Mishra, Vinod, Amy Medley, Rathavuth Hong, Yuan Gu, and Bryant Robey. | contribution url= Levels and spread of HIV seroprevalence and associated factorshttp: Evidence from national household surveys//www.measuredhs.com/pubs/pdf/CR22/CR22.pdf | title = DHS Comparative Reports 22 | date=2009 | publisher = Macro International, Inc. | year quote= 2009 | id = | contribution-url = httpLevels and spread of HIV seroprevalence and associated factors://www.measuredhs.com/pubs/pdf/CR22/CR22.pdfEvidence from national household surveys | accessdate = 2011-03-24}}</ref> The report found condom use, not circumcision, to be correlated with HIV status. Despite this report, USAID is listed as a contributing partner and a sponsor for the "[[Clearinghouse on Male Circumcision]] for HIV Prevention."<ref>{{cite webREFweb | last= | first= | year= | title=Male Circumcision Clearinghouse: Partners and Contributors | url = http://www.malecircumcision.org/about/male_circumcision_partners.html | title publisher= Clearinghouse for Male Circumcision Clearinghouse: Partners and Contributorson HIV Prevention | accessdate = 2011-03-24 | work = Clearinghouse for Male Circumcision on HIV Prevention}}</ref><ref name='kenya-circ-report'>{{citationREFnews | contribution last= Progress Report on Kenya's Voluntary Medical Male Circumcision Programme | title first= National AIDS and STI Control Programme | publisher coauthors= Government of Kenya | date = July 2010 | year = 2010 | id = | contribution-url = http://www.malecircumcision.org/documents/VMMCP_Report.pdf | title=National AIDS and STI Control Programme | date=July 2010 | publisher=Government of Kenya | quote=Progress Report on Kenya's Voluntary Medical Male Circumcision Programme | accessdate = 2011-03-24}}</ref>

 USAID has studied the "scale-up" of circumcision in Africa and shows support for circumcision in numerous places on its website.<ref name='usaid-circ-hiv-factsheet'>{{cite webREFweb | last= | first= | year= | title=Research: Male Circumcision and HIV Prevention | url = http://www.usaid.gov/our_work/global_health/aids/TechAreas/research/mcfactsheet.html | title publisher= Research: Male Circumcision and HIV PreventionUSAID | accessdate = 2011-03-24 | publisher = USAID}}</ref><ref name='usaid-male-circ'>{{cite webREFweb | last= | first= | year= | title=Male Circumcision | url = http://www.usaid.gov/our_work/global_health/aids/TechAreas/prevention/malecircumcision.html | title publisher= Male CircumcisionUSAID | accessdate = 2011-03-24 | publisher = USAID}}</ref><ref>{{citationREFnews | last= | first= | coauthors=S. Clark, I. Fua | contribution url= Male Circumcisionhttp: Current Epidemiological and Field Evidence//pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNACS892.pdf | title = Program and Policy Implications for HIV Prevention and Reproductive Health | coeditors date= S. Clark, I. FuaMay 2003 | publisher = USAID/AIDSMark | quote=Male Circumcision: Current Epidemiological and Field Evidence | accessdate=2011-03-24

| date = May 2003 | year = 2003 | id = | contribution-url = http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNACS892.pdf | accessdate = 2011-03-24}}</ref><ref name='usaid-hiv-circ'>{{cite webREFweb | last= | first= | year= | title=Fighting HIV with Circumcision | url = http://blog.usaid.gov/2010/12/fighting-hiv-with-circumcision/ | title publisher= Fighting HIV with CircumcisionUSAID | accessdate = 2011-03-24 | publisher = USAID}}</ref> 

 In November 2010, USAID issued a "technical brief" on male circumcision as HIV prevention. In the report, USAID states that it is supporting Swaziland's "Accelerated Saturation Initiative" for circumcision by providing "implementation support together with the <small>[U.S.]</small> Department of Defense, the Peace Corps, and the U.S. [[Centers for Disease Control]] and Prevention (CDC)." The report goes on to say that USAID, along with [[UNAIDS]], is providing technical and financial assistance in the studying circumcision programs in 14 African countries.<ref>{{citationREFnews | contribution last= Medical Male Circumcision and HIV Prevention | title first= Technical Issue Brief | publisher coauthors= USAID | date = November 2010 | id = | contribution-url = http://www.usaid.gov/our_work/global_health/aids/TechAreas/prevention/medical_male_circumcision.pdf | title=Technical Issue Brief | date=November 2010 | publisher=USAID | quote=Medical Male Circumcision and HIV Prevention | accessdate = 2011-03-25}}</ref>

 USAID's support of what they call the "[[Voluntary Medical Male Circumcision Program]]: VMMC" also focused on Kenya.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://kenya.usaid.gov/programs/health/77 | title = Kenya / HIV/AIDSREFwebQuote | accessdate = 2011-03-25 | work = USAID | quote = USAID/Kenya’s HIV/AIDS program is supported by the President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR). PEPFAR, a five-year, $48 billion program, is led by the U.S. Global AIDS Coordinator, in conjunction with USAID, the Department of Health and Human Services (including the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention), the Department of Defense (DOD), the U.S. Peace Corps, and the Department of State. | last= | first= | publisher=USAID | year= | urltitle=Kenya / HIV/AIDS | url=http://kenya.usaid.gov/programs/health/77 | accessdate=2011-03-25}}</ref> USAID funded a VMMC based circumcision campaign propaganda video to air on television in South Africa.<ref>{{cite webREFweb | last= | first= | year=December 2010 | title=VMMC Soccer Videos from Kenya | url = http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R8baq-d-Y5Q | title publisher= VMMC Soccer Videos from Kenya.m4v | accessdate = 2011-04-28 | date = December 2010 | work = VMMC.m4v | publisher = YouTube}} Short video vignettes with a soccer theme that was field tested in communal video houses in Nyanza, Kenya during the 2010 World Cup Soccer broadcasts.</ref>

{{Quote boxCitation |title Title= Levels and Spread of HIV Seroprevalence and Associated Factors: Evidence from National Household Surveys |quote Text= There appears no clear pattern of association between male circumcision and HIV prevalence—in 8 of 18 countries with data, HIV prevalence is lower among circumcised men, while in the remaining 10 countries it is higher. |source Author=| Source=| lang=| before=| after=| Transcription=| Translation=| ref= <smallref>--Levels and Spread of HIV Seroprevalence and Associated Factors: Evidence from National Household Surveys [http://www.measuredhs.com/pubs/pdf/CR22/CR22.pdf (February 2009)]</smallref> |align = left |width = 55% |quoted = yes