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The practice of non-therapeutic [[circumcision]], which is rooted in antiquity, predates recorded history, and was re-instituted in the 19th century for alleged medical reasons, predates the inauguration of the human rights era in 1945. The advent of and recognition of human rights for all (including patients) has profoundly altered medical ethics and the acceptability of non-therapeutic child circumcision.<ref>{{REFweb |url=https://intactamerica.org/circumcision-crisis/ |title=The U.S. Circumcision Crisis: Why Your Support Matters |last=Alissa |first=Kristel |init= |author-link= |publisher=Intact America |date=2024-10-20 |accessdate=2024-10-23}}</ref>
Children, unlike adults, possess two sets of human rights.<ref>{{REFjournal
* [[Declaration of Helsinki (2012)]]
* [[Ethics of non-therapeutic child circumcision]]
* [http://semantic-pace.net/tools/pdf.aspx?docaspxdoc=aHR0cDovL2Fzc2VtYmx5LmNvZS5pbnQvbncveG1sL1hSZWYvWDJILURXLWV4dHIuYXNwP2ZpbGVpZD0yMDE3NCZsYW5nPUVO&xsl=aHR0cDovL2Fzc2VtYmx5LmNvZS5pbnQvbncveG1sL3hzbC1mby9QZGYvWFJlZi1XRC1BVC1YTUwyUERGLnhzbA==&xsltparams=ZmlsZWlkPTIwMTc0 Children's Right to Physical Integrity (2013)], Resolution 1952 of the Council of Europe.* [[Informed consent]]* [[Surrogate consent]]
==Video==