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This page collects and indexes '''psychological literature about male circumcision'''.
==Introduction==
The [[circumcision industry]] would like parents and the public to believe that [[circumcision]] is psychologically benign and has no effect on the patient, therefore the information provided to satisfy the requirements of [[informed consent]] typically excludes any discussion of the psychological [[trauma]], injury, and emotional effects of circumcision.<ref name="goldwater2005">{{REFjournal |last=Goldman |first=Ronald |init=R |author-link=Ronald Goldman |etal=no |title=Circumcision policy: a psychosocial perspective |journal=Paedatrics & Child Health (Ottawa) |location= |date=2005-11 |volume=9 |issue=9 |pages=630-3. |url=https://www.circumcision.org/wp-content/docs/CircumcisionPolicy_A_Psychosocial_Perspective.pdf |quote=The debate about the advisability of circumcision in English-speaking countries has typically focused on the potential health factors. The position statements of committees from national medical organizations are expected to be evidence-based; however, the contentiousness of the ongoing debate suggests that other factors are involved. Various potential factors related to psychology, sociology, religion and culture may also underlie policy decisions |pubmedID=19675851 |pubmedCID=2724127 |DOI=10.1093/pch/9.9.630 |format=PDF |accessdate=2024-06-24}}</ref><ref name="tye2023">{{REFjournal |last=Tye |first= |init=MC |author-link= |last2=Sardi |first2= |init2=LM |author2-link= |etal=no |title=Psychological, psychosocial, and psychosexual aspects of penile circumcision |trans-title= |language= |journal=Int J Impot Res |location= |date=2023-05 |volume=35 |issue=3 |pages=242-8 |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41443-022-00553-9 |archived= |quote=Policy statements on penile circumcision have focused primarily on disease, dysfunction, or sensation, with relatively little consideration of psychological and psychosocial implications of the procedure. There has also been minimal consideration of potential qualitative changes in the subjective experience of sexual activity following changes in penile anatomy (foreskin removal) or associated sexual biomechanics. |pubmedID=35347302 |DOI=10.1038/s41443-022-00553-9 |accessdate=2024-06-22}}</ref>
Some of the literature cited here will include certain articles of a psychological nature that appeared in medical journals.
==Articles====Articles=Twentieth century articles===* {{REFbook |last=Freud |first=Sigmund |init= |author-link=Sigmund Freud |year=1913 |title=Totem and Taboo, Standard Edition |url= |scope= |location=Volume 13 |paages=1-161 |publisher= |ISBN= |accessdate=2024-06-22 }}* {{REFjournal |last=Cole |first= |init=EM |author-link= |etal=no |title=Circumcision and the abreaction of fear |trans-title= |language= |journal=J Neurol Psychopathol |location= |date=1927-01 |volume=7 |issue=27 |pages=237-8 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1068445/pdf/jnpsycho00043-0045.pdf |archived= |quote= |pubmedID=21611232 |pubmedCID=1068445 |DOI=10.1136/jnnp.s1-7.27.237 |format=PDF |accessdate=2024-06-22}}
* {{REFjournal
|last=Glover
|date=1929-01-01
|volume=10
|pages=90-3 |accessdate=2024-06-22}}* {{REFjournal |last=Levy |first= |init=DM |author-link= |etal=no |title=Psychic trauma of operations in children: and a note on combat neurosis |trans-title= |language= |journal=Am J Dis Child |location= |date=1945 |volume=69 |issue=1 |article= |page= |pages=7-25 |url=https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamapediatrics/article-abstract/1180027 |archived= |quote= |DOI= |doi=10.1001/archpedi.1945.02020130014003 |accessdate=2024-06-22}}* {{REFjournal |last=Nunberg |init=H |author-link=Herman Nunberg |url=https://pep-web.org/search/document/IJP.028.0145A |title=Circumcision and problems of bisexuality |journal=The International Journal of Psycho-Analysis |date=1947-01-01 |volume=28 |issue= |pages=145-79 |pubmedID=12994301 |accessdate=2023-10-04}}* {{REFjournal |last=Schmideberg |first= |init=M |author-link= |etal=no |title=A Note on Homosexuality and Circumcision |trans-title= |language= |journal=Psychoanalytic Review |location= |date=1948 |volume=35 |issue=2 |pages=183-4 |url=https://pep-web.org/search/document/PSAR.035.0183A?index=100&searchTerms=%5B%7B%22term%22%3A%22Melitta%20Schmideberg%22%2C%22type%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22value%22%3A%22Melitta%20Schmideberg%22%7D%5D |archived= |quote= |pubmedID=18891187 |accessdate=2024-06-22}}* {{REFjournal |last=Freud |init=A |author-link=Anna Freud |url=https://www.cirp.org/library/psych/freud/ |title=The role of bodily illness in the mental life of children. |journal=Psychoanalytic Study of the Child |date=1952 |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=69-81 |accessdate=2024-06-22}}* {{REFjournal |last=Fervel |first= |init=J |author-link= |etal=no |title=[Reflections on circumcision] |trans-title= |language=Francais |journal=Psyche Rev Int Sci Homme Psychanal |location= |date=1952-02 |volume=7 |issue=64 |article= |page= |pages=98-102 |url= |archived= |quote= |pubmedID=14949178 |pubmedCID= |DOI= |doi= |accessdate=2024-06-22}}* {{REFjournal |last=Cansever |init=G |author-link= |title=Psychological effects of circumcision |journal= Br J Med Psychol |date=1965-12 |volume=38 |issue=4 |pages=321-31 |url=https://www.cirp.org/library/psych/cansever/ |archived= |quote= |pubmedID=5322308 |pubmedCID= |DOI=10.1111/j.2044-8341.1965.tb01314.x |accessdate=2024-06-22}}* {{REFjournal |last=Emde |first= |init=RN |author-link= |last2=Harmon |first2= |init2=RJ |author2-link= |last3=Metcalf |first3= |init3=D |author3-link= |last4=Koenig |first4= |init4=AL |author4-link= |last5=Wagonfeld |first5= |init5=S |author5-link= |etal=no |title=Stress and neonatal sleep |trans-title= |language= |journal=Psychosom Med |location= |date=1971 |season= |volume=33 |issue=6 |article= |page= |pages=491-7 |url=https://www.cirp.org/library/birth/emde/ |archived= |quote=Routine circumcision, done without anesthesia in the newborn nursery was usually followed by prolonged nonrapid eye movement (NREM) sleep. |pubmedID= 5148980 |pubmedCID= |DOI=10.1097/00006842-197111000-00002 |accessdate=2024-06-23}}* {{REFjournal |last=Anders |first= |init=TF |author-link= |last2=Chalemian |first2= |init2=RJ |author2-link= |etal=no |title=The effects of circumcision on sleep-wake states in human neonates |trans-title= |language= |journal=Psychosom Med |location= |date=1974-03 |volume=36 |issue=2 |article= |page= |pages=174-9 |url=https://www.cirp.org/library/birth/anders/ |archived= |quote=Thus the effect of circumcision in our infant population was an immediate and significant increase in wakefulness, particularly in fussy crying, during the hour following the procedure, and a decreased sleep onset latency time in a recovery period 1.5-7 hr later. |pubmedID=4360754 |pubmedCID= |DOI=10.1097/00006842-197403000-00009 |accessdate=2024-06-23}}* {{REFjournal |last=Prescott |first= |init=JW |author-link= |etal=no |title=Body pleasure and the origins of violence. |trans-title= |language= |journal=The Bulletin of The Atomic Scientists |location= |date=1975-11 |volume= |issue= |article= |page= |pages=10-20 |url=http://www.violence.de/prescott/bulletin/article.html |archived= |quote= |pubmedID= |pubmedCID= |DOI= |doi= |accessdate=2024-06-22}}* {{REFjournal |last=Richards |first= |init=MPM |author-link= |last2=Bernal |first2= |init2=JF |author2-link= |last3=Brackbill |first3= |init3=Y |author3-link= |etal=no |title=Early behavioral differences: gender or circumcision? |trans-title= |language= |journal=Dev Psychobiol |location= |date=1976-01 |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=89-95 |url=https://www.cirp.org/library/psych/brackbill/ |archived= |quote=We have reported here some direct and indirect evidence indicating that circumcision has an influence of unknown duration on the behavior and psychophysiology of male infants and we suggest that so-called neonatal "gender" differences may instead be circumcision differences. |pubmedID=767183 |pubmedCID= |DOI=10.1002/dev.420090112 |accessdate=2024-06-22}}* {{REFjournal |last=Marshall |init=RE |author-link= |last2=Stratton |init2=WC |author2-link= |last3=Moore |first3=JA |author3-link= |etal=yes |title=Circumcision I: effects upon newborn behavior |journal=Infant Behavior and Development |location= |date=1980 |volume=3 |issue= |pages=1-14 |url=http://www.cirp.org/library/birth/marshall1/ |quote= |pubmedID= |pubmedCID= |DOI= |accessdate=2024-06-24}}* {{REFjournal |last=Marshall |init=RE |author-link= |last2=Porter |init2=FL |author2-link= |last3=Rogers |init3=AG |author3-link= |last4=Moore |init4=J |author4-link= |last5=Anderson |init5=B |author5-link= |last6=Boxerman |init6=SB |author6-link= |etal=yes |title=Circumcision: II effects upon mother-infant interaction |journal= |location= |date=1982-12 |volume=7 |issue=4 |pages=367-74 |url=http://www.cirp.org/library/birth/marshall2/ |quote= |pubmedID=7169032 |pubmedCID= |DOI=10.1016/0378-3782(82)90038-x |accessdate=2019-12-06}}* {{REFjournal |last=Kennedy |first= |init=H |author-link= |etal=no |title=Trauma in childhood: Signs and sequelae as seen in the analysis of an adolescent |trans-title= |language= |journal=Psychoanal Study Child |location= |date=1986 |volume=41 |pages=209-19 |url=https://www.cirp.org/library/psych/kennedy/ |archived= |quote=What was so striking in Peter's analysis was the way in which all the avenues pursued led to the experiences surrounding the circumcision. |pubmedID=3823270 |pubmedCID= |DOI=10.1080/00797308.1986.11823457 |doi= |accessdate=2024-06-23}}* {{REFjournal |last=Yorke |first= |init=C |author-link= |etal=no |title=Reflections on the problem of psychic trauma |trans-title= |language= |journal=Psychoanal Study Child |location= |date=1986 |volume=41 |pages=221-36 |url=https://www.cirp.org/library/psych/yorke/ |archived= |quote=It is this pervasive anxiety which floods the ego when a traumatic anxiety situation is encountered and overwhelms the ego. The sequence of these basic danger situations is familiar. When the very young child is threatened by a degree of pervasive anxiety with which he is unable to deal, and which can only be assuaged by the ministrations of a mother who detects the source of that anxiety, we have the prototype for later fears of annihilation. |pubmedID=3823271 |pubmedCID= |DOI=10.1080/00797308.1986.11823458 |accessdate=2024-06-23}}* {{REFbook |last=Anonymous |first= |init= |author-link= |last2= |first2= |init2= |author2-link= |year=1986 |title=Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (Third Edition - Revised) |url= |work=309.89 Post-traumatic Stress Disorder |editor= |edition= |volume= |chapter= |scope= |page= |pages=247-51 |location=Washington |publisher=American Psychiatric Association |ISBN= |quote=The essential feature of this disorder is the development of characteristic symptoms following a psychologically distressing event that is outside the range of unusual human experience (i. e., outside the range of such common experience as simple bereavement, chronic illness, business losses, and marital conflict). The stressor producing this syndrome would be markedly stressing to almost anyone, and is usually experienced with intense fear, terror and helplessness. |accessdate=2024-06-23 |note=}}* {{REFjournal |last=Gunnar |first= |init=MR |author-link= |last2=Malone |first2= |init2=S |author2-link= |last3=Vance |first3= |init3=S |author3-link= |last4=Frisch |first4= |init4=RO |author4-link= |etal=no |title=Coping with aversive stimulation in the neonatal period: quiet sleep and plasma cortisol levels during recovery from circumcision |trans-title= |language= |journal=Child Dev |location= |date=1986-08 |volume=56 |issue=4 |pages=824-34 |url=https://www.cirp.org/library/pain/gunnar1985/ |archived= |quote= |pubmedID= 4042746 |pubmedCID= |DOI= |doi= |accessdate=2024-06-22}}* {{REFjournal |last=Karraker |first= |init=KD |author-link= |etal=no |title=Adult attention to infants in a newborn nursery |trans-title= |language= |journal=Nurs Res |location= |date=1986-11 |volume=35 |issue=6 |article= |page= |pages=358-63 |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3640353/ |archived= |quote= |pubmedID=3640353 |accessdate=2024-06-22}}* {{VanderKolkBA 1989}}* {{REFjournal |last=Prescott |init=JW |author-link= |url=https://www.cirp.org/library/psych/prescott2/ |title=Genital pain vs. genital pleasure: why the one and not the other? |journal=The Truthseeker |date=1989-07 |volume=1 |issue=3 |pages=14-21 |quote=It is this developmental neuropsychologist's conviction that these early experiences of genital pain contribute to the encoding of the brain for sado-masochistic behaviors. |accessdate=2024-06-23}}* {{REFjournal |last=Chamberlain |first= |init=DB |author-link=David B. Chamberlain |etal=no |title=Babies Remember Pain |trans-title= |language= |journal=Pre- and Peri-natal Psychology |date=1989 |season=Summer |volume=3 |issue=4 |pages=297-310 |url=https://www.cirp.org/library/psych/chamberlain/ |archived= |quote=It was only in the last three years that American parents discovered the longstanding practice of surgeons to operate on infants without the use of painkillers (Birth, June 1986, Letters, 124-125). Adding horror to this discovery, parents uncovered the fact that major surgery on premature infants and children up to 15 months of age was typically done with the aid of curare (Pavulon) which paralyzes them but does not relieve pain. Thus, while experiencing the surgery fully, it was not possible for them to move or to utter a cry of alarm! |accessdate=2024-06-23}}* {{REFjournal |last=van der Kolk |first= |init=BA |author-link=Bessel van der Kolk |last2=Saporta |first2= |init2=J |author2-link= |etal=no |title=The biological mechanisms and treatment of intrusion and numbing |trans-title= |language= |journal=Anxiety Research |location= |date=1991 |volume=4 |issue= |pages=199-212 |url=https://www.cirp.org/library/psych/vanderkolk2/ |archived= |quote=This article relates these findings to the studies which have demonstrated clear linkages between childhood trauma, and a variety of psychiatric disorders, including borderline personality disorder, and a range of self-destructive behaviors. |pubmedID= |pubmedCID= |DOI=10.1080/08917779108248774 |accessdate=2024-06-28}}* {{REFjournal |last=Gaensbauer |first= |init=TJ |author-link=Theodore J. Gaensbauer |etal=no |title=Trauma in the preverbal period |trans-title= |language= |journal=Psychoanalytic Study of the Child |location= |date=1995 |volume=50 |issue=01 |pages=122-49 |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00797308.1995.11822399 |archived= |quote=At every age, traumatic memories and their associated affects can become powerful organizing elements within the psyche, coloring every aspect of a person’s psychological functioning. |pubmedID=7480400 |pubmedCID= |DOI=10.1080/00797308.1995.11822399 |accessdate=2024-06-23}}* {{REFjournal |last=deMause |first=Lloyd |init= |author-link= |etal=no |title=Restaging Fetal Traumas in War and Social Violence |journal=Pre- and Perinatal Psychology Journal |location= |date=1996-03 |volume=23 |issue=4 |pages=344-92 |url=http://www.mattes.de/buecher/praenatale_psychologie/PP_PDF/PP_08_2_deMause.pdf |archived= |quote=The same principle may hold for the rise of violent crimes during the 1970s and 80s, which could be connected with the rise of the extremely painful rite of circumcision in newborn boys during the 1950s and 60s. 93Violence done to children always returns on the social level. |pubmedID=11609155 |pubmedCID= |DOI= |accessdate=2024-06-2124
}}
* {{REFjournal
|last=Hepper
|init=PG
|author-link=
|etal=no
|title=Fetal memory: Does it exist? What does it do?
|journal=Acta Pædiatrica Supplement (Stockholm)
|date=1996-10
|volume=416
|issue=
|pages=16-20
|url=http://www.cirp.org/library/psych/hepper1/
|archived=
|quote=
|pubmedID=8997443
|pubmedCID=
|DOI=10.1111/j.1651-2227.1996.tb14272.x.
|accessdate=2024-06-23
}}
* {{TaddioA KatzJ IlersichAL KorenG 1997}}
* {{REFjournal
|last=McFadyen
|first=
|init=A
|author-link=
|etal=no
|title=Children have feelings too
|trans-title=
|language=
|journal=BMJ
|location=
|date=1998-05-23
|volume=316
|issue=
|article=
|page=1616
|url=https://www.cirp.org/library/psych/mcfadyen/
|archived=
|quote=At times, he literally roared with rage. This was interspersed with more quiet reflective periods when I would catch him staring down at his penis with tears in his eyes.
|pubmedID=9596619
|pubmedCID=1113220
|DOI=10.1136/bmj.316.7144.1616a
|accessdate=2024-06-28
}}
* {{REFjournal
|last=Maguire
|first=
|init=P
|author-link=
|last2=Parkes
|first2=
|init2=CM
|author2-link=
|etal=no
|title=Surgery and loss of body parts
|trans-title=
|language=
|journal=BMJ
|location=
|date=1998
|volume=316
|issue=7137
|pages=1068-8
|url=https://www.cirp.org/library/psych/maguire/
|archived=
|quote=The loss of body parts can give rise to grief for loss of body image or function, or both.
|pubmedID= 9552917
|pubmedCID=1112908
|DOI=10.1136/bmj.316.7143.1521
|accessdate=2024-06-28
}}
* {{REFjournal
|last=Parkes
|first=
|init=CM
|author-link=
|etal=no
|title=Facing loss
|trans-title=
|language=
|journal=BMJ
|location=
|date=1998-05-16
|volume=316
|issue=
|pages=1521-4
|url=https://www.bmj.com/content/316/7143/1521.full
|archived=
|quote=Although the death of a spouse or child is a public event that seldom goes unrecognised, many other types of loss do not attract attention or support to those who suffer them. This has been called disenfranchised grief.
|pubmedID=9582150
|pubmedCID=1113165
|DOI=10.1136/bmj.316.7143.1521
|accessdate=2024-06-28
}}
* {{REFjournal
|last=Goldman
|first=
|init=R
|author-link=
|etal=no
|title=The Psychological Impact of Circumcision
|trans-title=
|language=
|journal=BJU Int
|location=
|date=1999-01
|volume=83, Suppl. 1
|pages=93-102
|url=https://www.cirp.org/library/psych/goldman1/
|archived=
|quote=
|pubmedID=10349420
|pubmedCID=
|DOI=10.1046/j.1464-410x.1999.0830s1093.x
|accessdate=2024-06-23
}}
* {{REFjournal
|last=Rhinehart
|init=J
|first=John
|author-link=
|title=Neonatal circumcision reconsidered
|journal=Tranactional Analysis Journal
|date=1999-07
|volume=29
|issue=3
|pages=215-21
|url=http://www.cirp.org/library/psych/rhinehart1/
|accessdate=2020-11-11
}}
===Twenty-first century articles===
* {{REFdocument
|title=El Trastorno por Estrés Postraumático (PTSD) de Larga Duración como Resultado de la Cirugía Genital de los Menores
|url=http://www.cirp.org/library/psych/boyle2/
|last=Boyle
|first=GJ
|init=GJ
|author-link=Gregory J. Boyle
|publisher=III Congreso Nacional de Psicología: "Violencia y Salud Mental", San Salvador, El Salvador
|language=spanish
|format=
|date=2000-10-06
|accessdate=2024-07-01
}}
* {{REFconference
|last=Gemmell
|first=T
|author-link=
|coauthors=GJ Boyle
|coauthors-link=Gregory J. Boyle
|title=Neonatal Circumcision: Its Long-Term Harmful Effects
|trans-title=
|language=
|url=https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-4757-3351-8_13
|archived=
|place=Wesley College, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
|publisher=Sixth International Symposium on Genital Integrity
|source=
|date=
|datefrom=2000-12-07
|dateto=2000-12-10
|accessdate=2024-06-30
}}
* {{REFjournal
|last=Boyle
|first=
|init=GJ
|author-link=Gregory J. Boyle
|last2=Bensley
|first2=
|init2=GA
|author2-link=
|etal=no
|title=Adverse sexual and psychological effects of male infant circumcision
|trans-title=
|language=
|journal=Psychol Rep
|location=Missoula
|date=2001-06
|volume=88(3 Pt 2)
|issue=
|pages=1105-6
|url=https://www.cirp.org/library/psych/boyle5/
|archived=
|quote=A survey of the 35 female and 42 gay sexual partners of circumcised and genitally intact men, and a separate survey of 53 circumcised and genitally intact men, and a separate survey of 30 genitally intact men themselves indicated that circumcised men experienced significantly reduced sexual sensation along with associated long-lasting negative emotional consequences.
|pubmedID=11597060
|pubmedCID=
|DOI=10.2466/pr0.2001.88.3c.1105
|accessdate=2024-06-29
}}
* {{REFbook
|last=Ramos
|first=Samuel
|init=S
|author-link=
|last2=Boyle
|first2=Gregory J.
|init2=GJ
|author2-link=Gregory J. Boyle
|year=2001
|title=Ritual and medical circumcision among Filipino boys: evidence of post-traumatic stress disorder
|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/300649237_Ritual_and_Medical_Circumcision_among_Filipino_Boys
|work=Understanding circumcision: A Multi-Disciplinary Approach to a Multi-Dimensional Problem
|editor=Denniston GC, Hodges FM, Milos M
|edition=
|volume=
|chapter=
|pages=253-70
|location=New York
|publisher=Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers
|isbn=
|quote=
|accessdate=2024-06-23
|note=
}}
* {{REFconference
|last=Boyle
|first=GJ
|author-link=Gregory J. Boyle
|title=Los efectos adversos sobre la salud mental de larga duración como resultado de la circuncisión no terapéutica de los niños
|trans-title=
|language=Spanish
|url=https://www.cirp.org/library/psych/boyle4/
|archived=
|place=Universidad Maimónides, Buenos Aires
|publisher=VI Congreso Iberoamericano de Psicología de la Salud
|source=
|date=
|datefrom=2001-09-30
|dateto=2001-10-03
|accessdate=2024-06-30
}}
* {{BoyleGJ GoldmanR SvobodaJS FernandezE 2002}}
* {{REFjournal
|last=Bensley
|first=Gillian A.
|init=GA
|author-link=
|last2=Boyle
|first2=Gregory J.
|init2=GJ
|author2-link=Gregory J. Boyle
|etal=no
|title=Effects of male circumcision on female arousal and orgasm
|journal=N Z Med J
|date=2003-09-12
|volume=116
|issue=1181
|pages=595-6
|url=http://www.cirp.org/library/sex_function/bensley1/
|quote=
|pubmedID=14581975
|pubmedCID=
|DOI=
|accessdate=2024-07-01
}}
* {{REFjournal
|last=Goldman
|first=Ronald
|init=R
|author-link=Ronald Goldman
|etal=no
|title=Circumcision policy: a psychosocial perspective
|journal=Paedatrics & Child Health (Ottawa)
|location=
|date=2005-11
|volume=9
|issue=9
|pages=630-3.
|url=https://www.circumcision.org/wp-content/docs/CircumcisionPolicy_A_Psychosocial_Perspective.pdf
|quote=Perhaps future candidates for membership in circumcision policy committees should disclose their circumcision status (previously suggested), number of circumcisions performed, circumcision status of any male children, and religious or ethnic background. Disclosure of this information would help in the assessment of the credibility of the committee and its work.
|pubmedID=19675851
|pubmedCID=2724127
|DOI=10.1093/pch/9.9.630
|format=PDF
|accessdate=2024-06-24
}}
* {{REFjournal
|last=Narvaez
|init=DF
|author-link=Darcia Narvaez
|url=https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/moral-landscapes/201501/circumcision-s-psychological-damage
|title=Circumcision’s Psychological Damage
|journal=Psychology Today
|date=2015-01-11
|volume=
|issue=
|pages=
|quote=The control group babies were in so much pain—some began choking and one even had a seizure—they decided it was unethical to continue. It is important to also consider the effects of post-operative pain in circumcised infants (regardless of whether anesthesia is used), which is described as “severe” and “persistent”.
|accessdate=2024-06-28
}}
* {{REFjournal
|last=Hill
|init=G
|author-link=George Hill
|url=https://genitalwholeness.wordpress.com/article/circumcision-and-human-behavior-2y9nanfagw8nr-13/
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|quote=Policy statements on penile circumcision have focused primarily on disease, dysfunction, or sensation, with relatively little consideration of psychological and psychosocial implications of the procedure. There has also been minimal consideration of potential qualitative changes in the subjective experience of sexual activity following changes in penile anatomy (foreskin removal) or associated sexual biomechanics.
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{{SEEALSO}}
* [[Pain]]
* [[Medical literature about child circumcision]]
* [[Trauma]]
{{REF}}
[[Category:Circumcision]]
[[Category:Literature]]
[[Category:Male sexuality]]
[[Category:Psychology]]
[[Category:Trauma]]