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|DOI=
|accessdate=2020-07-15
}}</ref> Both the WHO and CDC indicate that [[circumcision ]] may not reduce HIV transmission from men to women, and that data is lacking for the transmission rate of men who engage in anal sex with a female partner. The joint WHO/UNAIDS recommendation also notes that circumcision only provides partial protection from HIV and should never replace known methods of HIV prevention.
Some earlier reports had expressed the position that circumcision has little to no effect on HIV transmission among heterosexual couples. Furthermore, some have challenged the validity of the African randomized controlled trials, prompting a number of researchers to question the effectiveness of circumcision as an HIV prevention strategy.
* [[Circumcision and HIV]]
* [[HIV]]
{{REF}}