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→Circumcision
* Circumcision exposes the patient to the surgical risks of [[bleeding]], [[infection]], and surgical misadventure, which rarely can include loss of the [[glans penis]], loss of the [[penis]] or [[death]].
* Circumcision has a long, painful, and difficult recovery. Erections are painful. Post-circumcision [[lymphoedema]] caused swelling can last for many months. Recovery time is placed at six weeks. Erections may cause sutures to pull out, thus opening the surgical wound, causing [[wound dehiscence]]. Sexual and [[Psychological issues of male circumcision| psychological]] issues abound. As with other surgery, complications are surgical misadventure, hemorrhage, and [[infection]]. Loss of the penis and [[death]] are known.<ref name="shahid2012" /> <ref name="williams-kapila1993">{{REFjournal
|last=Williams
|first=Neville
}}</ref>
* Circumcision permanently and irreversibly amputates the [[Foreskin sensitivity| highly innervated]], erogenous [[foreskin]], so its [[Foreskin#Physiological_functions| multiple protective, immunological, sensory, and sexual physiological functions ]] are destroyed and has many [[risks and complications]]. The sensitive head of the [[penis]] will be permanently exposed so the head will rub against clothing. Many men find this to be very painful.
* Most men report a permanent loss of [[Sexual sensation of the foreskin| sexual sensation]].
* Circumcision results in a permanent [[circumcision scar]].
* Circumcision is irreverible amputation. Circumcision cannot be undone.
<b><u>[[Adolescent and adult circumcision| Circumcision]] should be the treatment of last resort, to be used only after conservative methods of treatment fail.</u></b>