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==Physiologic phimosis==
Beaugé (1997) states that adult phimosis is caused by unusual methods of [[masturbation]] that fail to stretch the narrow foreskin of [[Foreskin#Foreskin_in_infancy_and_childhood| childhood]].<ref name="beauge1997">{{REFjournal
|last=Beaugé
|first=Michel
|init=M
|author-link=
|title=The causes of adolescent phimosis
|journal=Brit J Sex Med
|date=1997-9
|volume=
|issue=
|pages=26
|url=http://www.cirp.org/library/treatment/phimosis/beauge2/
|accessdate=2020-04-20
}}</ref> The condition may be treated by changing one's method of [[masturbation]] according to Beaugé.
There are three possible causes of non-retractile foreskin:<ref name='hill2012">{{REFweb
|url=https://genitalwholeness.wordpress.com/article/phimosis-2y9nanfagw8nr-11/
|archived=
|title=Phimosis: Non-retracticle foreskin
|trans-title=
|language=English
|last=Hill
|first=George
|init=G
|author-link=George Hill
|publisher=genitalwholeness
|website=wordpress
|date=2012-05-28
|accessdate=2020-12-06
|format=
|quote=Development of retractile foreskin in boys is very gradual and occurs over a period of years._The membrane that fuses the foreskin and the glans penis spontaneously disintegrates and the foreskin separates from the glans penis._Also, the opening at the tip becomes wider with increasing maturity.
}}
</ref>
* The tip of the foreskin is too narrow to pass over the [[glans penis]].
* The inner surface of the foreskin is fused or adherent by a [[synechia]] to the glans penis.
* The [[frenulum]] is too short to permit retraction. The medical name for this condition is ''[[frenulum breve]]''.
All may be conservatively treated without [[Adolescent and adult circumcision| circumcision]].<ref name='hill2012" />
Relocate section.
[[File:Phimosis.jpg|thumb|An erect penis with a case of phimosis]]
'''Phimosis''' (''fɪˈmoʊsɨs'' or ''faɪˈmoʊsɨs'', from the Greek ''phimos'' (φῑμός "muzzle"), is a condition of the [[penis]] where the [[foreskin]] cannot be fully retracted over the [[glans penis]].<ref>{{URLwikipedia|Phimosis|Phimosis|2019-09-25}}</ref> Phimosis is a condition, not a disease, so it does not threaten health. Men may elect to treat it. Some men live their entire lives with a non-retractile foreskin. [[Sex with phimosis| They are able to have sexual intercourse and father children]].
==Physiologic phimosis==
Beaugé (1997) states that adult phimosis is caused by unusual methods of [[masturbation]] that fail to stretch the narrow foreskin of [[Foreskin#Foreskin_in_infancy_and_childhood| childhood]].<ref name="beauge1997">{{REFjournal
|last=Beaugé
|first=Michel
|init=M
|author-link=
|title=The causes of adolescent phimosis
|journal=Brit J Sex Med
|date=1997-9
|volume=
|issue=
|pages=26
|url=http://www.cirp.org/library/treatment/phimosis/beauge2/
|accessdate=2020-04-20
}}</ref> The condition may be treated by changing one's method of [[masturbation]] according to Beaugé.
There are three possible causes of non-retractile foreskin:<ref name='hill2012">{{REFweb
|url=https://genitalwholeness.wordpress.com/article/phimosis-2y9nanfagw8nr-11/
|archived=
|title=Phimosis: Non-retracticle foreskin
|trans-title=
|language=English
|last=Hill
|first=George
|init=G
|author-link=George Hill
|publisher=genitalwholeness
|website=wordpress
|date=2012-05-28
|accessdate=2020-12-06
|format=
|quote=Development of retractile foreskin in boys is very gradual and occurs over a period of years._The membrane that fuses the foreskin and the glans penis spontaneously disintegrates and the foreskin separates from the glans penis._Also, the opening at the tip becomes wider with increasing maturity.
}}
</ref>
* The tip of the foreskin is too narrow to pass over the [[glans penis]].
* The inner surface of the foreskin is fused or adherent by a [[synechia]] to the glans penis.
* The [[frenulum]] is too short to permit retraction. The medical name for this condition is ''[[frenulum breve]]''.
All may be conservatively treated without [[Adolescent and adult circumcision| circumcision]].<ref name='hill2012" />
==Pathologic phimosis==
Pathologic phimosis is phimosis caused by lichen sclerosis et atrophicrus (LSA), formerly known as [[balanitis xerotica obliterans]] (BXO), on the [[foreskin]].<ref name="rickwood1980">{{REFjournal
Some success has been shown with treatment by topical steroid cream, but other cases may be an indication for [[circumcision]].<ref name="rickwood1980" /> See section on adult onset phimosis below.
=== Non-retractable foreskin of infancy and childhood ===
[[File:Oester.jpg|frame|Percentage of boys with fused foreskin by age according to Øster]]
====No treatment====
Non-retractile or tight foreskin is a condition, not a disease. It is not life threatening. One may elect to remain as one is, without treatment. Many men do not have an issue with non-retractile [[foreskin]]. There may be some variation in the acceptance of phimosis. Americans Other nationalities may be less more accepting of phimosis than those of other nationalitiesAmericans<ref>{{REFweb |url= https://www.reddit. com/r/uncircumcised_talk/comments/1iy44ba/uncircumcised_asians_and_foreskin_retraction/ |title=Uncircumcised Asians and foreskin retraction |publisher=Reddit |date=2025-02-25 |accessdate=2025-02-25}}</ref> Some men seem to prefer the protection that the non-retractile foreskin provides.
Many men can have sex, father children, and live happily with a non-retractile foreskin.<ref name="young">{{REFweb