Changes

In infancy, simple sugars in breast milk, like antibacterial oligosaccharides, are acquired from the mother's milk and excreted in [[urine]]. University studies have shown that these substances cling to the [[mucosa]]l lining of the inner foreskin and protect against urinary tract infections,<ref>{{REFbook |last=Hanson |init=LA, |last2=Karlsson |init2=B, |last3=Jalil |init3=F, et al. |etal=yes |chapter=Antiviral and antibacterial factors in human milk. In: |editor=Hanson LA, ed. '' |title=Biology of Human Milk''. |location=New York |publisher=Raven Press; |year=1988. pp. |pages=141-57}}</ref> as well as [[infection]] in other parts of the body.<ref>{{REFjournal |last=Coppa |init=GV, |last2=Gabrielli |init2=O, |last3=Giorgi |init3=P, |last4=Catassi |init4=C, |last5=Montanari |init5=MP, |last6=Veraldo |init6=PE, |last7=Nichols |init7=BL. |title=Preliminary study of breast feeding and bacterial adhesion to uroepithelial cells. '' |journal=Lancet'' |date=1990 Mar -03-10; |volume=335( |issue=8689): |pages=569-71.}}</ref> Babies excrete in their [[urine]] about 300-500 milligrams of oligosaccharides each day. These compounds prevent virulent strains of ''Escherichia coli'' from adhering to the [[mucosa]] lining of the entire urinary tract, including the [[foreskin]] and [[glans]]. For these reasons breast-milk is highly efficacious at preventing [[UTI]].<ref>{{REFjournal |last=Gothefors |init=L, |last2=Olling |init2=S, |last3=Winberg |init3=J. |title=Breastfeeding and biological properties of faecal ''E. coli'' strains. '' |journal=Acta Paediatr Scand'' |date=1975 Nov;-11 |volume=54( |issue=6): |pages=807-12.}}</ref> Rigorous studies have repeatedly demonstrated that breast feeding protects against urinary tract infections.<ref>{{REFjournal |last=Mårild |init=S. |title=Breastfeeding and Urinary tract Infections. '' |journal=Lancet'' |date=1990; |volume=336: |page=942.}}</ref> <ref>{{REFjournal |last=Pisacane |init=A, et al. |etal=yes |title=Breastfeeding and urinary tract infection. ''The |journal=Lancet'', July 7, |date=1990, p50 -07-07 |page=50}}</ref> <ref>{{REFjournal |last=Pisacane |init=A, |last2=Graziano |init2=L, |last3=Mazzarella |init3=G, et al. |etal=yes |title=Breast-feeding and urinary tract infection. '' |journal=J Pediatr'' |date=1992; |volume=120: |pages=87-89.}}</ref>