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Created page with "The human papillomavirus (HPV) is the most common STD in the U.S. It is known to cause genital warts, and it has been implicated as the cause of cervical cancer in women. ==..."
The human papillomavirus (HPV) is the most common STD in the U.S. It is known to cause genital warts, and it has been implicated as the cause of cervical cancer in women.
== Prevention ==
Two vaccines have recently been developed to prevent HPV acquisition. In the past, circumcision was assumed to prevent the acquisition of HPV, thus reducing the risk of cervical cancer, but this was supported by dubious studies as outlined below.
== Circumcision and HPV ==
The association of HPV transmission with circumcision has been a heavily debated topic for many years. As more recent studies enact more rigorous controls and use larger study groups, the association between circumcision and HPV has become more clear.
A classic 1993 study on HPV came up with the following conclusions:
"Uncircumcised men had a lower prevalence of genital warts than circumcised men... The presence of the foreskin may confer non specific protection of the proximal penis from acquisition of HPV infection."
<ref>{{REFjournal
| last=Cook
| first=LS
| coauthors=Koutsky LA, Holmes KK,
| title=Clinical presentation of genital warts among circumcised and uncircumcised heterosexual men attending an urban STD clinic
| journal=Genitourin Med
| volume=69
| issue=4
| pages=262-4
| url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1195083/
| quote=
| pubmedID=
| pubmedCID=1195083
| DOI=
| date=1993 Aug
| accessdate=
}}</ref>
A meta-analysis Performed by Dr. Robert Van Howe in 2006 found no significant association between circumcision status and HPV infection.
"The medical literature does not support the claim that circumcision reduces the risk for genital HPV infection"<ref>{{REFjournal
| last=Van Howe
| first=Robert S.
| coauthors=
| title=Human papillomavirus and circumcision: A meta-analysis
| journal=Journal of Infection
| volume=54
| issue=5
| pages=490-496
| url=http://www.cirp.org/library/disease/cancer/vanhowe2006b/
| quote=
| pubmedID=
| pubmedCID=
| DOI=
| date=May 2007
| accessdate=2008-09-18
}}.</ref>
Most studies on HPV performed before 2006 had poor controls and relatively small study groups. In order to clear up this confusion, a recent 2008 study on HPV had an enormous study group of almost nine thousand men in the United States. This is currently the largest study on circumcision and HPV ever performed in the U.S. And since the study was performed in the U.S., the results are directly applicable to people who live in the U.S. The study concluded:
"The percentage of circumcised men reporting a diagnosis of genital warts was significantly higher than uncircumcised men, 4.5% (95% CI, 3.6%–5.6%) versus 2.4% (95% CI, 1.5%–4.0%)".
<ref>{{REFjournal
| last=Dinh
| first=T.H.
| coauthors=M. Sternberg, E.F. Dunne and L.E. Markowitz
| title=Genital Warts Among 18- to 59-Year-Olds in the United States, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1999–2004
| journal=Sexually Transmitted Diseases
| volume=35
| issue=4
| pages=357-360
| url=http://journals.lww.com/stdjournal/Fulltext/2008/04000/Seroepidemiology_of_Human_Papillomavirus_Type_11.8.aspx
| quote=
| pubmedID=
| pubmedCID=
| DOI=
| date=April 2008
| accessdate=2011-03-05
}}</ref>
A 2011 study on University of Washington students found no correlation between circumcision and HPV.<ref>{{REFjournal
| last=VanBuskirk
| first=Kelley PhD
| coauthors=Winer, Rachel L. PhD; Hughes, James P. PhD; Feng, Qinghua PhD; Arima, Yuzo PhD; Lee, Shu-Kuang MS; Stern, Michael E. MN, ARNP; O'Reilly, Sandra F. BS; Koutsky, Laura A. PhD
| title=Circumcision and Acquisition of Human Papillomavirus Infection in Young Men
| journal=Sexually Transmitted Diseases
| volume=38
| issue=12
| pages=
| url=
| quote=rates of acquiring clinically relevant HPV types... did not differ significantly by circumcision status
| pubmedID=
| pubmedCID=
| DOI=10.1097/OLQ.0b013e31822e60cb
| date=December 2011
| accessdate=2011-09-02
}}</ref> This study tested for HPV at three sites: the scrotum/shaft skin, the glans, and in urine samples. The authors of this study found that in circumcised men, the scrotum/shaft skin contained was most often the site of HPV infection. The authors also note that many large-scale studies fail to test for HPV on scrotum/shaft skin.
== Cure HPV? ==
In 2019, a Mexican scientist stated to cure HPV<ref>{{REFweb
| quote=Eva Ramón Gallegos, a researcher from Mexico National Polytechnic Institute (IPN) was able to completely eradicate the Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) in 29 patients. This scientific achievement was accomplished through photodynamic therapy, a non-invasive technique that seems to be an efficient method to prevent malignant neoplasm, which is the second cause of death among Mexican women. The scientists from the National Biological Sciences School explained that she has studied the effects of photodynamic therapy for 20 years and said she was treated 420 patients in Oaxaca and Veracruz with this method, as well as 29 women in Mexico City.
| url=https://www.eluniversal.com.mx/english/mexican-scientist-cures-human-papilloma-virus
| title=Mexican scientist cures the Human Papilloma virus
| last=Ortiz
| first=Alexis
| publisher=El Universal
| work=
| date=06/02/2019
| accessdate=2019-08-24
}}</ref> but while the research and data are interesting, their work remains unpublished in a peer-reviewed journal. The group does have published data from a small study in 2017.<ref>{{REFweb
| quote= While the research and data are interesting, their work remains unpublished in a peer-reviewed journal. The group does have published data from a small study in 2017. The researchers did not respond to multiple attempts by ABC News to reach them for comment.
| url=https://www.goodmorningamerica.com/wellness/story/mexican-scientists-find-cure-hpv-heres-61209423
| title=No, Mexican scientists did not find a cure for HPV. Here’s what you need to know
| last=Antonioli
| first=Alexandra H.
| publisher=GMA
| work=
| date=2019-02-21
| accessdate=2019-08-24
}}</ref>
{{REF}}
[[Category:Immunology]]
[[Category:Disease]]
[[Category:Sexually Transmitted Disease]]
[[Category:From IntactWiki]]
== Prevention ==
Two vaccines have recently been developed to prevent HPV acquisition. In the past, circumcision was assumed to prevent the acquisition of HPV, thus reducing the risk of cervical cancer, but this was supported by dubious studies as outlined below.
== Circumcision and HPV ==
The association of HPV transmission with circumcision has been a heavily debated topic for many years. As more recent studies enact more rigorous controls and use larger study groups, the association between circumcision and HPV has become more clear.
A classic 1993 study on HPV came up with the following conclusions:
"Uncircumcised men had a lower prevalence of genital warts than circumcised men... The presence of the foreskin may confer non specific protection of the proximal penis from acquisition of HPV infection."
<ref>{{REFjournal
| last=Cook
| first=LS
| coauthors=Koutsky LA, Holmes KK,
| title=Clinical presentation of genital warts among circumcised and uncircumcised heterosexual men attending an urban STD clinic
| journal=Genitourin Med
| volume=69
| issue=4
| pages=262-4
| url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1195083/
| quote=
| pubmedID=
| pubmedCID=1195083
| DOI=
| date=1993 Aug
| accessdate=
}}</ref>
A meta-analysis Performed by Dr. Robert Van Howe in 2006 found no significant association between circumcision status and HPV infection.
"The medical literature does not support the claim that circumcision reduces the risk for genital HPV infection"<ref>{{REFjournal
| last=Van Howe
| first=Robert S.
| coauthors=
| title=Human papillomavirus and circumcision: A meta-analysis
| journal=Journal of Infection
| volume=54
| issue=5
| pages=490-496
| url=http://www.cirp.org/library/disease/cancer/vanhowe2006b/
| quote=
| pubmedID=
| pubmedCID=
| DOI=
| date=May 2007
| accessdate=2008-09-18
}}.</ref>
Most studies on HPV performed before 2006 had poor controls and relatively small study groups. In order to clear up this confusion, a recent 2008 study on HPV had an enormous study group of almost nine thousand men in the United States. This is currently the largest study on circumcision and HPV ever performed in the U.S. And since the study was performed in the U.S., the results are directly applicable to people who live in the U.S. The study concluded:
"The percentage of circumcised men reporting a diagnosis of genital warts was significantly higher than uncircumcised men, 4.5% (95% CI, 3.6%–5.6%) versus 2.4% (95% CI, 1.5%–4.0%)".
<ref>{{REFjournal
| last=Dinh
| first=T.H.
| coauthors=M. Sternberg, E.F. Dunne and L.E. Markowitz
| title=Genital Warts Among 18- to 59-Year-Olds in the United States, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1999–2004
| journal=Sexually Transmitted Diseases
| volume=35
| issue=4
| pages=357-360
| url=http://journals.lww.com/stdjournal/Fulltext/2008/04000/Seroepidemiology_of_Human_Papillomavirus_Type_11.8.aspx
| quote=
| pubmedID=
| pubmedCID=
| DOI=
| date=April 2008
| accessdate=2011-03-05
}}</ref>
A 2011 study on University of Washington students found no correlation between circumcision and HPV.<ref>{{REFjournal
| last=VanBuskirk
| first=Kelley PhD
| coauthors=Winer, Rachel L. PhD; Hughes, James P. PhD; Feng, Qinghua PhD; Arima, Yuzo PhD; Lee, Shu-Kuang MS; Stern, Michael E. MN, ARNP; O'Reilly, Sandra F. BS; Koutsky, Laura A. PhD
| title=Circumcision and Acquisition of Human Papillomavirus Infection in Young Men
| journal=Sexually Transmitted Diseases
| volume=38
| issue=12
| pages=
| url=
| quote=rates of acquiring clinically relevant HPV types... did not differ significantly by circumcision status
| pubmedID=
| pubmedCID=
| DOI=10.1097/OLQ.0b013e31822e60cb
| date=December 2011
| accessdate=2011-09-02
}}</ref> This study tested for HPV at three sites: the scrotum/shaft skin, the glans, and in urine samples. The authors of this study found that in circumcised men, the scrotum/shaft skin contained was most often the site of HPV infection. The authors also note that many large-scale studies fail to test for HPV on scrotum/shaft skin.
== Cure HPV? ==
In 2019, a Mexican scientist stated to cure HPV<ref>{{REFweb
| quote=Eva Ramón Gallegos, a researcher from Mexico National Polytechnic Institute (IPN) was able to completely eradicate the Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) in 29 patients. This scientific achievement was accomplished through photodynamic therapy, a non-invasive technique that seems to be an efficient method to prevent malignant neoplasm, which is the second cause of death among Mexican women. The scientists from the National Biological Sciences School explained that she has studied the effects of photodynamic therapy for 20 years and said she was treated 420 patients in Oaxaca and Veracruz with this method, as well as 29 women in Mexico City.
| url=https://www.eluniversal.com.mx/english/mexican-scientist-cures-human-papilloma-virus
| title=Mexican scientist cures the Human Papilloma virus
| last=Ortiz
| first=Alexis
| publisher=El Universal
| work=
| date=06/02/2019
| accessdate=2019-08-24
}}</ref> but while the research and data are interesting, their work remains unpublished in a peer-reviewed journal. The group does have published data from a small study in 2017.<ref>{{REFweb
| quote= While the research and data are interesting, their work remains unpublished in a peer-reviewed journal. The group does have published data from a small study in 2017. The researchers did not respond to multiple attempts by ABC News to reach them for comment.
| url=https://www.goodmorningamerica.com/wellness/story/mexican-scientists-find-cure-hpv-heres-61209423
| title=No, Mexican scientists did not find a cure for HPV. Here’s what you need to know
| last=Antonioli
| first=Alexandra H.
| publisher=GMA
| work=
| date=2019-02-21
| accessdate=2019-08-24
}}</ref>
{{REF}}
[[Category:Immunology]]
[[Category:Disease]]
[[Category:Sexually Transmitted Disease]]
[[Category:From IntactWiki]]