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→Principles of medical ethics: Formatting.
===Cardinal principles===
The four cardinal principles of medical ethics are:
* autonomy <b>Autonomy</b> (respecting a patient's right to make their own decisions), * beneficence <b>Beneficence</b> (acting in the best interest of the patient),* non<b>Non-maleficence </b> (avoiding harm to the patient), and * justice <b>Justice</b> (ensuring fair treatment for all patients).<ref name="beautchamp1999">{{REFbook
|last=Beauchamp
|first=
|url=
|work=
|editor=Beachamp Beauchamp TL, Walters L
|edition=
|volume=
===Secondary principles===
There are also a number of secondary principles of medical ethics that include:
* <b>Provision of futile, ineffective, or unnecessary treatment.</b>
* <b>Misuse of medical resources.</b>
* <b>Surrogate consent.</b> (See below>)
|accessdate=2025-06-30
}}</ref>
* <b>Preservation of the child’s right to an open future.</b><ref>{{REFweb
|url=https://www.doctorsopposingcircumcision.org/for-professionals/medical-ethics/
|title=Medical Ethics and the Non-therapeutic Circumcision of Male Children