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→Profound lack of understanding of psychological issues
== Profound lack of understanding of psychological issues ==
There was little awareness of emotional and/or psychological issues when child [[circumcision]] was being promoted in the late 19th century and early 20th century. For example, [[Douglas Gairdner]] (1949) made no mention at all of [[pain]], [[trauma]] , behavior changes, or psychological issues in his landmark 1949 paper.<ref name="fate1949">{{GairdnerDM 1949}}</ref>
[[Intact America]] (2023) reported that [[intact]] males were shamed.<ref>{{REFweb