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→Factors pushing the incidence of non-therapeutic circumcision down
* The [https://www.cpso.on.ca/ College of Physicians and Surgeons of Ontario] (2010) issued a special order to prohibit paediatrician [[Daniel Marshall]], who operated the Circumcision Centre in Hamilton, {{CAPTC|ON}} from examining or being alone with youths.
* DeMaria et al. (2013) surveyed physicians in southwest Ontario who still perform circumcisions. They concluded from their survey:
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* The CBC (2018) reported that Pakistani [https://www.ratemds.com/doctor-ratings/78555/Dr-Ejaz-Ahmad-Winnipeg-MB.html/ Dr. Ejaz Ahmad], who practiced medicine on Portage Avenue in Winnipeg, had been suspended from the practice of medicine for five months by the [https://cpsm.mb.ca/ College of Physicians and Surgeons of Manitoba], after he performed 18 circumcisions from June 2016 to July 2017 on pediatric patients and two boys almost bled to death.<ref name="glowaki2018">{{REFnews
|title=2 boys almost bled to death in botched circumcisions by Manitoba doctor
|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/manitoba/winnipeg-doctor-suspended-botched-circumcisions-1.4953561
}}</ref>
* As of 2022, [[third-party payment]] for non-therapeutic [[circumcision]] has not been available anywhere in Canada since 2006.<ref name="skeldon2008" /> Moreover, non-therapeutic circumcision is not done in most hospitals,<ref name="jamesloewen2019" /> so parents who want to have a boy [[circumcised]] must take the boy to the surgery of a practitioner who specializes in non-therapeutic male circumcision, and furthermore must pay out of pocket. For example, the cost of circumcision of a newborn boy in New Brunswick is C$425 ranging up to C$1500 for a teenager or adult.<ref>{{REFweb
|url=https://gentleproceduresnb.ca/circumcision/cost-how-much/
|title=Circumcision Pricing & Insurance Coverage
}}</ref>
* The prevalence of circumcision is higher among older males, but lower among younger males. As older, mostly [[circumcised]] males die and are replaced in the population by younger, mostly [[intact]] males, the overall prevalence of [[circumcised]] men in Canada is gradually declining. [[Intact]] males usually do not want any son to be [[circumcised]],<ref name="brown-brown1987" /> <ref name="rediger-muller2013" /> so the demand for [[circumcision]] in Canada is declining.
* Mayan et al. (2021) carried out a massive empirical study of the male population of the province of Ontario, Canada (569,950 males), of whom 203,588 (35.7%) were [[circumcised]] between 1991 and 2017. The study concluded that circumcision status is not related to risk of [[HIV]] infection.<ref name="mayan2021">{{REFjournal
|last=Mayan
|first=Madhur
}}</ref>
* Schröder et al. (2021) reviewed the experience of the [https://www.sickkids.ca Hospital for Sick Children] in Toronto with regard to circumcision-related emergency admissions between 2000 and 2013. They found that 19 previously healthy neonates had emergency admissions for circumcision complications. The records of patients who had died were searched to identify those who had been [[circumcised]].
* Four of the boys had post-circumcision [[bleeding]]. Four of the boys had [[glans]] amputations. Two previously healthy boys died.<ref name="shroder2021">{{REFjournal
|last=Schröder
|first=Annette
}}</ref> Based on the data provided, the estimated [[death]] rate is one dead boy for every 84,000 circumcisions.
* Non-circumcision or [[genital integrity]] is the norm in all parts of Canada.
===Estimates of prevalence and incidence of circumcision in Canada===